Questions and Answers
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
Which statement about basal metabolic rate is accurate?
Leptin levels are higher in people who are overweight.
True
Which hormone produces a sensation of hunger?
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Which hormone is secreted by cells in the duodenum and jejunum?
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Which of the following is a micronutrient?
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What is the body's primary energy source?
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Which of the following is a disaccharide?
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What role does cellulose play in nutrition?
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Why should most of the carbohydrates consumed be in the form of complex carbohydrates?
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The consumption of indigestible fibers has what effect on the body?
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Short-chain fatty acids are helpful in promoting intestinal health.
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Which vitamin can be absorbed in the absence of fat?
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Lipids contribute to cellular structures.
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Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body.
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Which of the following is a source of unsaturated fat?
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Which statement about the digestion of protein is most accurate?
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Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body.
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What will be your friend's greatest dietary challenge if they follow a vegan diet?
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Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissues of the body.
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A patient has a wound on her lower leg. A diet rich in which vitamin would prove most beneficial?
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What is the primary goal of glucose catabolism?
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Glycolysis is one of the steps in glucose catabolism.
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During a period of intense activity, what is the body's first response as it attempts to obtain energy?
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What happens to the lactic acid that is stored in the liver?
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What is the first step in aerobic respiration?
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Which process yields the most energy?
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The breakdown of fat produces what compared to carbohydrates?
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When needed for energy, fat molecules in adipose tissue are hydrolyzed into what?
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Before proteins can be used as fuel, what must occur?
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Protein catabolism produces what toxic by-product?
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A patient with a wasting illness will most likely be in a state of what?
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Most of the body's heat results from what?
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Warming your hands on a hot coffee cup is an example of gaining heat by which means?
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What occurs when the body's temperature rises too high?
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Study Notes
Nutrition Basics
- A calorie is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
- Carbohydrates serve as the body's primary energy source.
- Sucrose is identified as a disaccharide, a type of carbohydrate.
Metabolism and Hormonal Influence
- Elderly individuals generally exhibit lower basal metabolic rates compared to younger adults.
- Leptin, a hormone produced in greater amounts by overweight individuals, plays a role in regulating energy balance.
- Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates hunger sensations.
Digestion and Nutrient Absorption
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by cells in the duodenum and jejunum, affecting digestion.
- Short-chain fatty acids benefit intestinal health, promoting overall digestion.
- Vitamin C can be absorbed without the presence of fat, unlike fat-soluble vitamins which are stored in the liver and fat tissues.
Dietary Components
- Micronutrients include vitamins, essential for various bodily functions.
- Complex carbohydrates are preferred in diet as they provide additional nutrients and energy over simple carbohydrates.
- Indigestible fibers support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
Protein and Amino Acids
- Proteins break down into individual amino acids during digestion, which are subsequently recombined to synthesize new proteins.
- Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.
- A vegan diet may pose challenges in acquiring all essential amino acids without a variety of food sources.
Fat and Hydrolysis
- Unsaturated fats can be sourced from foods like nuts, whereas lipids contribute to cellular structures.
- Fats provide over twice the energy yield compared to carbohydrates during breakdown.
- When energy is needed, stored fats in adipose tissue are split into glycerol and fatty acids.
Metabolic Pathways
- The initial step in aerobic respiration involves converting pyruvic acid into acetyl coenzyme A (CoA).
- Glycolysis is a critical step in glucose catabolism, crucial for energy generation.
- Lactic acid, produced during intense activity, is converted back to pyruvic acid when oxygen is available.
Nitrogen Balance and Waste Products
- Protein catabolism leads to the production of ammonia as a toxic by-product.
- A patient with a wasting illness may experience negative nitrogen balance, indicating protein loss outpacing intake.
Body Temperature Regulation
- Most of the body's heat is generated from chemical reactions occurring within cells.
- Conduction exemplifies gaining heat, such as warming hands on a hot coffee cup.
- The hypothalamus plays a central role in thermoregulation, signaling responses when body temperature rises.
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Description
Test your knowledge on nutrition and metabolism with these flashcards from Chapter 22. Explore key concepts including calorie definition, basal metabolic rate, and the role of leptin in body weight regulation. Perfect for quick revision and deeper understanding of the material.
