Nutrition Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is basal metabolism?

Amount of calories in one pound of fat

Sum of involuntary activities necessary to sustain life (correct)

Energy used in physical activities

Calories burned during digestion

How many calories are in one pound of fat?

3500 calories

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

The rate at which the body uses energy to support its basal metabolism

Define central obesity.

Excess fat around the trunk of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is subcutaneous fat?

Layer of fat cells beneath the skin that helps conserve body heat Signup and view all the answers

What are adipokines?

Protein hormones synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is visceral fat?

Fat stored within the abdominal cavity associated with internal organs Signup and view all the answers

What weight presents a health risk?

Both overweight and underweight Signup and view all the answers

What is adipose tissue?

The body's fat tissue that synthesizes and secretes the hormone leptin Signup and view all the answers

Define body composition.

The proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue in total body weight Signup and view all the answers

What is obesity defined as?

A body mass index of 30 or higher Signup and view all the answers

What percent of the U.S. population is considered overweight?

66 percent Signup and view all the answers

What does wasting refer to?

Progressive loss of body's tissues that accompanies certain diseases Signup and view all the answers

Why is weight important for underweight individuals?

To gain body fat as an energy reserve and acquire protective nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What are some risks of central obesity? (Select all that apply)

Diabetes (A), Heart disease (C), Hypertension (D) Signup and view all the answers

How much is spent annually on obesity-related healthcare?

$147 billion Signup and view all the answers

What are three indicators of obesity?

BMI (A), Disease risk profile (B), Waist circumference (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is leptin?

A hormone that signals the brain to reduce appetite Signup and view all the answers

What are endorphins?

Natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What is the balance of adipokines?

Shift occurs favoring those that increase inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)?

The DRI recommendation for energy intake based on various factors Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women in the U.S. are trying to lose weight?

30 to 40 percent Signup and view all the answers

What is an unbalanced energy budget?

When we eat too much or too little food for our bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermic effect of food?

The body's increased metabolism in response to eating Signup and view all the answers

What is ideal body fat in men age 40 and younger?

22% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What techniques can estimate body fat? (Select all that apply)

Underwater weighing (B), Skinfold test (C), Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major ways the body spends energy?

Fuel for basal metabolism (A), Fuel for voluntary activities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is ghrelin?

A hormone released by the stomach that stimulates eating Signup and view all the answers

How do the digestive tract and brain communicate?

Through hormones and sensory signals indicating hunger or fullness Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of the hunger, appetite, satiation, and satiety cycle? (Select all that apply)

Satiation: end meal (A), Eat until uncomfortably full (B), Seek food and start meal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What influences hunger physiologically? (Select all that apply)

Empty stomach (B), Presence of nutrients in the bloodstream (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factors are included in sensory influences on appetite? (Select all that apply)

Time of day (A), Social interactions (B), Taste, smell, and sight of food (D) Signup and view all the answers

When does satiation end a meal?

When the nervous system and hormonal signals inform the brain that enough food has been eaten Signup and view all the answers

What does adipokine leptin do?

Suppresses appetite and regulates body fatness Signup and view all the answers

What is extreme obesity defined as?

Having a BMI of 40 or above Signup and view all the answers

How many people in the U.S. suffer from eating disorders?

5 million Signup and view all the answers

When do eating disorders typically start?

During adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What is the female athlete triad?

A triad of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is an emetic?

An agent that causes vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the cycle of an eating disorder?

Negative self-perceptions followed by restrictive dieting and binge eating Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes binge eating?

Lack of control (A), Eating until uncomfortably full (C), Eating rapidly (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to maintain weight loss?

Eating breakfast daily, physical activity, monitoring weight weekly, and consistent lower-calorie eating Signup and view all the answers

What is brown adipose tissue (BAT)?

A type of adipose tissue abundant in hibernating animals Signup and view all the answers

What is thermogenesis?

Energy radiated away as heat Signup and view all the answers

What is nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?

Energy expenditure from everyday spontaneous activities Signup and view all the answers

What are some external cues that can lead to overeating? (Select all that apply)

Stress (A), Loneliness (C), Cravings (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are ketone bodies?

Acidic compounds derived from fat and amino acids, helping to feed the brain Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate BMI?

Weight in kg divided by height in m (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the BMI classification for underweight adults?

Less than 18.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the BMI classification for overweight adults?

Between 25 and 29 Signup and view all the answers

What is the BMI classification for obesity?

BMI of 30 or more Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism and Energy

Basal metabolism encompasses involuntary activities required for life, excluding digestion and voluntary actions; constitutes the largest part of daily energy expenditure.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures energy use for basal metabolism.
One pound of body fat equals approximately 3500 calories.

Fat Distribution

Central obesity refers to excess fat around the trunk, increasing health risks.
Subcutaneous fat lies beneath the skin, aiding heat conservation.
Visceral fat is located within the abdominal cavity, affecting internal organs.

Health Risks and Statistics

Both overweight and underweight individuals face health risks.
An estimated 66% of the U.S. population is overweight.
Central obesity heightens risks for diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and certain cancers.
The U.S. spends around $147 billion annually on obesity-related healthcare.

Body Composition and Obesity

Body composition reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissues.
Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher.
Three indicators of obesity include BMI, waist circumference, and disease risk profile.
Ideal body fat percentages vary: 22% for men under 40, 25% for men over 40; 32% for women under 40, 35% for women over 40.

Hormonal Regulation

Adipokines are protein hormones from fat tissue that regulate inflammation and metabolism.
Leptin signals appetite reduction and increased energy expenditure.
Ghrelin, produced in the stomach, stimulates hunger.

Eating Behavior

The hunger, appetite, satiation, and satiety cycle involves signals that drive food-seeking behavior and control eating.
Cognitive and sensory influences on appetite include social factors, time of day, and food availability.
Satiation signals meal termination, facilitated by the nervous system's hormonal signals.

Energy Balance and Weight Management

An unbalanced energy budget occurs when intake exceeds or falls below energy expenditure.
Maintaining weight loss involves regular physical activity, weekly weight monitoring, and consistent lower-calorie diets.

Eating Disorders

Approximately 5 million people in the U.S. suffer from anorexia and bulimia, with 85% of cases starting during adolescence.
The female athlete triad includes disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis.
Binge eating is characterized by loss of control during eating episodes.

Thermogenesis and Fat Types

Brown adipose tissue is involved in thermogenesis, particularly in infants and hibernating animals.
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) accounts for energy spent on spontaneous daily actions.

Weight Categories

Underweight individuals have a BMI of less than 18.5.
Overweight adults have a BMI between 25 and 29, while obesity is indicated by a BMI of 30 or greater.

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Description

Explore essential concepts from Nutrition Chapter 9 with these flashcards. Learn key definitions and terms related to metabolism and energy balance. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of nutritional science.