Nutrition and Health: Carbohydrates and Diabetes
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Questions and Answers

What is a common misconception about carbohydrates?

  • They cause depression and hyperactive behavior (correct)
  • They are only found in sugary foods
  • They are a source of energy for athletes
  • They are essential for human health

    • What is a sign of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?

  • Birth defects (correct)
  • Headaches
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue

    • What is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?

  • Consuming too much fiber
  • Eating too much fat
  • Lack of exercise (correct)
  • Eating too much protein

    • What is a health benefit of including fiber-rich foods in one's diet?

    <p>Improved digestive health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of not following good dental hygiene practices?

    <p>Tooth decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 is more common in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of metabolic syndrome?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy?

    <p>Milk allergy is a digestive issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people following a high-protein, high-fat diet tend to lose weight in the short term?

    <p>Because the diet keeps their appetite under control by reducing hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person consumes excess carbohydrates?

    <p>Their body converts some of the glucose into fat and uses the rest as a biological fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people tend to blame carbohydrates for their unwanted weight gain?

    <p>Because starches and sugars are often combined with hidden fats in processed foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily calorie intake of adult males in the United States?

    <p>2485 kcal/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with pleasurable sensations in the nervous system?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the rise in obesity rates in Americans over the past 35 years?

    <p>Increased intake of added sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by an uncontrolled need to take a substance and the development of withdrawal signs and symptoms when the substance is not taken?

    <p>Addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke?

    <p>Excess body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do foods that contain a lot of added sugars and solid fats tend to be energy dense?

    <p>Because fat supplies 9 kcal/g compared to only 4 kcal/g of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased prevalence of obesity in the United States?

    <p>Overall dietary habits, including excess calorie intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of adult Americans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

    <p>30 to 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fat accumulation in the liver of people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

    <p>Inflammation of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people find it difficult to resist foods that contain a lot of sugar and fat?

    <p>Because the sweet taste of sugar masks the bland taste of fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition in which liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue that has no metabolic function?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metabolism in the development of obesity?

    <p>Metabolism plays a major role in the development of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of Americans with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?

    <p>3 to 12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

    <p>Losing excess body fat, avoiding alcohol, and eating a healthy diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of consuming high amounts of fructose (100 grams or more/day)?

    <p>Weight gain, abnormal blood lipid levels, and fatty liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of dopamine release in the brain in response to eating tasty food?

    <p>Reward and pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sign of diabetes?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of fasting blood glucose levels?

    <p>70 to 99 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for individuals with fasting blood glucose levels between 100 to 125 mg/dl?

    <p>Pre-diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of Americans aged 65 or older who have diabetes?

    <p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of coronavirus damaging the beta cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Reduced insulin production and abnormal glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are people with diabetes at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms?

    <p>Because chronic inflammation overwhelms the body's ability to regulate blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing type 1 diabetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition in which the body does not respond properly to insulin?

    <p>Insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major complication of poorly controlled diabetes?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical breath odor of a person with ketoacidosis?

    <p>Fruity or acetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated number of Americans with diabetes in 2018?

    <p>34.2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin resistance in target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic relation to a close family member with type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hyperglycemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition that can occur in people with undiagnosed or poorly managed type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current state of type 2 diabetes in the United States?

    <p>Reaching epidemic proportions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of ketoacidosis?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current treatment for type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Management through insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical period in a human embryo's development when birth defects can occur due to poorly controlled diabetes?

    <p>First 8 weeks of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of pregnant American women who develop gestational diabetes?

    <p>9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the fetus of a woman with gestational diabetes?

    <p>It receives too much glucose from its mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk to the mother and infant if the infant is born abnormally heavy?

    <p>It can prolong the birth process and cause the baby to be injured during delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of a healthy pregnancy?

    <p>40 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in people with diabetes?

    <p>To determine the average blood glucose level over a longer period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of HbA1c in healthy individuals?

    <p>4.5 to 5.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of managing blood glucose levels properly during pregnancy?

    <p>It reduces the risk of giving birth to a baby with birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for women who are diagnosed with gestational diabetes?

    <p>A special diet and regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk for women who had gestational diabetes after giving birth?

    <p>They have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates and Health

    • Carbohydrates are often blamed for unwanted weight gain and diabetes, but they are an important source of energy for the body.
    • Tooth decay is associated with consuming certain carbohydrates, particularly simple sugars that stick to teeth, and can lead to acid production and damage to tooth enamel.

    Carbohydrates and Body Fat

    • Consuming excess carbohydrates can contribute to excess body fat, as the body converts some of the glucose into fat.
    • Dietary fat is spared from being used as a fuel and stored in fat cells, leading to weight gain.
    • Combining carbohydrates with fat can lead to energy-dense foods, which can contribute to weight gain.
    • Fats make foods taste rich and creamy, and can be difficult to resist.

    Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

    • Sugar-sweetened beverages are a major source of added sugars in the diet.
    • Consuming high amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.
    • People who drink sugar-sweetened beverages do not reduce their consumption of solid foods enough to avoid gaining weight.

    Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

    • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition where the liver accumulates fat, leading to inflammation and damage.
    • Risk factors for NAFLD include obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood lipids, and excessive carbohydrate and fat intake.
    • Losing excess body fat, avoiding alcohol, and eating a healthy diet may help to prevent NAFLD.

    Diabetes

    • Diabetes is a group of chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
    • There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
    • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells, leading to a lack of insulin production.
    • Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, where the beta cells produce insulin, but the target cells are insulin-resistant, leading to high blood glucose levels.

    Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes

    • Major signs and symptoms of diabetes include:
      • Excessive thirst
      • Frequent urination
      • Blurred vision
      • Poor wound healing
    • Over time, hyperglycemia can damage nerves, organs, and blood vessels, leading to serious health complications.

    Diabetes During Pregnancy

    • Women with poorly controlled diabetes and their developing offspring can develop serious health problems during pregnancy.
    • Gestational diabetes, a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, can increase the risk of birth defects, high blood pressure, and premature delivery.
    • Women who have had gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.### Diabetes Management During Pregnancy
    • Pregnant women with diabetes need to monitor blood glucose levels carefully to minimize risks to themselves and their fetuses.
    • Women with adequate prenatal medical care undergo screening to detect gestational diabetes.
    • Treatment for gestational diabetes typically includes a special diet to manage blood glucose levels and regular physical activity.
    • Some mothers-to-be may also need to monitor their blood glucose levels and give insulin injections regularly.

    Controlling Diabetes

    • People with diabetes need to achieve and maintain normal or near-normal blood glucose levels to avoid or delay serious health complications.
    • Daily blood testing is often used to monitor blood glucose levels.
    • Physicians can measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to determine patients' average blood glucose levels over longer periods.
    • HbA1c is a component of hemoglobin that attracts glucose in the blood, and normally accounts for 4.5-5.7% of hemoglobin in healthy individuals.
    • People with poorly controlled diabetes often have higher HbA1c levels due to high blood glucose levels.
    • The goal for most people with diabetes is to maintain an HbA1c level below 7%.

    Classifying Diabetes According to A1c Values

    • A1c values can be used to classify diabetes, with levels above 7% indicating poorly controlled diabetes.
    • Normal A1c levels range from 4.5-5.7%.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the effects of excess carbohydrate consumption on health, differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, signs and symptoms, and risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.

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