Nutrition and Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of insulin in the body?

  • To produce glucose
  • To digest food
  • To transport nutrients into cells (correct)
  • To break down fats

Diabetes 1 is usually diagnosed in middle-aged adults.

False (B)

What substance is needed to transport glucose into cells?

insulin

To gain one kilogram of body fat, a person must consume ________ more calories than needed.

<p>1800</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of diabetes with its characteristic:

<p>Diabetes 1 = Requires daily insulin intake Diabetes 2 = Common in middle-aged and older people</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many calories per gram do carbohydrates and protein provide?

<p>4 calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In absence of insulin, the body begins to utilize glucose as energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which food is digested and then excreted?

<p>digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a complete protein?

<p>Peanut butter on whole grain bread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vagus nerve in relation to the liver?

<p>To stimulate bile production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High Glycemic Index carbohydrates are absorbed slowly in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of proteins?

<p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of amino acids?

<p>Essential and non-essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gluten is a group of proteins found in ______.

<p>wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin is a type of protein that transports ______ through the blood.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each protein function with its description:

<p>Antibody = Binds to foreign particles to protect the body Enzyme = Carries out chemical reactions in cells Messenger = Transmits signals between cells Structural component = Provides support and structure for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following foods with their protein type:

<p>Quinoa = Complete protein Nuts = Incomplete protein Beans = Incomplete protein Whey protein = Complete protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is important for maintaining electrolyte balance?

<p>Potassium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food sources contain complete proteins?

<p>Meat and fish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high-fat diet is the primary source of energy for the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber can accelerate the metabolism of carbohydrates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of whey protein?

<p>Helps build or maintain lean tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one function of proteins in the human body.

<p>Building and repairing body tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the good/bad cholesterol ratio considered healthy?

<p>5:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamins are inorganic compounds that cannot be broken down by heat or air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a deficiency of vitamin C?

<p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Folic acid (vitamin B11) helps prevent ______ defects during pregnancy.

<p>birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is important for preventing dental cavities?

<p>Fluoride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vitamins with their properties:

<p>Vitamin C = Needed for collagen formation Vitamin B complex = Helps form red blood cells Vitamin D = Protects bones against fractures Folic acid = Prevents certain birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body can produce and store vitamin C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two sources of vitamin B.

<p>Fish, poultry, meat, eggs, dairy products, leafy green vegetables, beans and peas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is essential for human health and must be obtained from our diet?

<p>Omega 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Omega 9 fatty acids must be obtained from dietary sources because they are essential.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two sources of Omega 3 fatty acids?

<p>Fatty fish and walnuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess cholesterol can be absorbed by ______.

<p>fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of fats with their characteristics:

<p>Monounsaturated fats = Protective against heart disease Polyunsaturated fats = Includes Omega 3 and Omega 6 Saturated fats = Raises total blood cholesterol levels Trans fats = Increase LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a source of Omega 6 fatty acids?

<p>Corn oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturated fats are primarily found in plant-based food sources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of EPA and DHA in the body?

<p>They help reduce inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary source of vitamin C?

<p>Broccoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D helps to reduce inflammation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is essential for transporting oxygen in the body?

<p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin K is required for ____ and protein modification.

<p>blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vitamins with their primary functions:

<p>Vitamin A = Good vision and immune function Vitamin E = Protects red blood cells Vitamin D = Regulates calcium absorption Vitamin K = Required for blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin can be synthesized by the body when exposed to sunlight?

<p>Vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcium is important for muscle contraction and nerve signaling.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one food source high in vitamin E.

<p>Almonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is insulin?

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells for energy. It also prevents the body from using fat as a primary energy source.

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks the pancreas's insulin-producing cells. This leads to a lack of insulin, requiring daily insulin injections for life.

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body doesn't produce enough insulin or the cells become resistant to insulin's effects. It often occurs with age, family history, overweight, and inactivity.

What is digestion?

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy.

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How many calories are in carbs, protein, & fat?

Carbohydrates and protein provide 4 calories per gram, while fat delivers 9 calories per gram.

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What are maintenance calories?

The amount of energy needed to maintain your current weight. This is influenced by your activity level and body size.

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What are calories used?

The amount of energy burned through daily activities. This includes everything from breathing and sleeping to exercising.

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How many calories do adults need per day?

The average calorie needs for adult males (19-50 years) are 2500-2900 calories per day, while females need 2000-2200 calories. These are averages and vary based on activity level and body size.

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Complete Proteins

Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids. They are found in foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, soy, quinoa, and combinations like peanut butter and whole grain bread, rice and beans.

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Incomplete Proteins

Proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids. They are often found in plant-based foods like grains, nuts, beans, and lentils.

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Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins. There are 23 amino acids in total, 9 of which are considered essential for human health.

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Essential Amino Acids

Essential amino acids are the building blocks of proteins that the body cannot produce on its own. They must be obtained through diet.

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Non-Essential Amino Acids

Non-essential amino acids are the building blocks of proteins that the body can produce from other amino acids or from the breakdown of proteins.

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Gluten

A group of proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is made up of two proteins: gliadin and glutenin.

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Whey Protein

A type of protein found in dairy products, particularly whey. It is considered a complete protein and is high in essential fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids.

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Fat

One of the three macronutrients that provide energy to the body. It plays a vital role in cell structure, brain function, and hormone production.

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Vagus Nerve and Pancreas

The vagus nerve stimulates the production of enzymes in the pancreas that are essential for digesting proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It also regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon, hormones that control blood sugar levels.

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Vagus Nerve and Intestines

The vagus nerve controls the muscles of the large and small intestines, helping to propel food and waste through the digestive system.

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Glycemic Index

The glycemic index (GI) measures how quickly carbohydrates are absorbed into the bloodstream. Foods with a high GI are quickly digested and raise blood sugar levels rapidly, while foods with a low GI are digested slowly and cause a gradual rise in blood sugar levels.

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Proteins: Building Blocks

Proteins are essential for building and repairing body tissues. They are made up of amino acids, and provide about 4 calories per gram. Excess protein is either excreted by the kidneys or stored as body fat.

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Refined Carbohydrates

Refined carbohydrates are quickly digested and raise blood sugar levels rapidly, leading to fluctuations in energy levels. Examples include white bread, sugary drinks, and processed foods.

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Fiber and Carbohydrate Digestion

Fiber slows down the digestion of carbohydrates, which helps to regulate blood sugar levels and promotes a feeling of fullness. It is found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

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Fat and Carbohydrate Digestion

Fat slows down the digestion of carbohydrates, which helps to promote a feeling of fullness and maintain stable blood sugar levels. It is found in healthy fats like avocados, nuts, and olive oil.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids that are found in both plant and animal sources, including walnuts, spinach, and fatty fish.

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Cholesterol

A type of fat that is produced by the body and is essential for cell growth and hormone production.

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Saturated Fat

A type of fat found in animal sources, such as red meat, cheese, and butter. It raises LDL cholesterol and increases the risk of heart disease.

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Trans Fat

A type of unhealthy fat created through a process that makes liquid oils solid. It increases LDL cholesterol and lowers HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease.

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Monounsaturated Fat

A type of healthy fat that helps lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol.

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Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids found in plant and animal sources, including corn oil, soybean oil, and poultry. They help with inflammation and immune system function.

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HDL Cholesterol

A healthy type of cholesterol that helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream.

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LDL Cholesterol

A type of cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in arteries. It increases the risk of heart disease.

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Antioxidants

Chemicals that protect your body from damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals.

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Free Radicals

Unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that need to be consumed with fats for your body to absorb them properly.

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Carotene

A pigment found in some plants that your body can turn into vitamin A.

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Calcium

A mineral essential for strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in nerve signaling and muscle contraction.

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Magnesium

A mineral involved in maintaining muscle and nerve function, a healthy immune system, and heart rhythm.

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Iron

A mineral crucial for transporting oxygen throughout your body.

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Zinc

A mineral involved in maintaining a sense of smell, a healthy immune system, and building proteins.

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Good/bad cholesterol ratio of 5:1

The ideal ratio between good and bad cholesterol in your body. Aim for a higher number of good cholesterol to protect your heart.

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Minerals and Vitamins

Essential nutrients your body needs in small amounts to function correctly. They help build bones, heal wounds, and strengthen your immune system.

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Difference between vitamins and minerals

Vitamins are organic compounds that can be broken down by heat, air, or acid. Think about how cooking can destroy some vitamins.

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Vitamin Deficiency

A condition where a deficiency in minerals and vitamins may cause a number of health issues.

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Vitamin B

A type of vitamin B that aids in energy production and helps form red blood cells. It helps prevent anemia.

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Vitamin C

A vital nutrient that is not made in the body, so we need to get it from foods. It builds tissues, heals wounds and boosts the immune system.

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Study Notes

Glycogen

  • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans, fungi, bacteria, and animals.
  • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles for future energy needs.
  • The equivalent of glycogen in plants is starch.
  • Glycogen functions as a short-term energy reserve, while triglycerides (stored fat) are for long-term storage.

Fiber

  • Dietary fiber is the undigested, unabsorbed carbohydrate in food.
  • Increases stool weight, helping prevent constipation.
  • Fiber-rich foods include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
  • Types:
    • Soluble fiber dissolves in water, forming a gel-like substance; helps lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels; found in oats, peas, beans, apples, and citrus fruits.
    • Insoluble fiber doesn't dissolve in water; increases stool bulk, helping prevent constipation; found in wheat bran, nuts, beans, and vegetables like cauliflower.
  • Increased fiber intake can help with bowel health, lower cholesterol, control blood sugar, and potentially aid in weight management.

Carbohydrates

  • The body uses carbohydrates for energy.
  • Carbohydrates provide about 4 calories per gram.
  • Types:
    • Simple carbohydrates: monosaccharides (single sugars) like glucose, fructose, and galactose; found in fruits, milk, candy, and sweets.
    • Complex carbohydrates: polysaccharides (many sugars linked together) like starch and glycogen; found in grains, starchy vegetables, and legumes.

Sugar

  • Sugars are a type of simple carbohydrate.
  • The body's cells use glucose as a primary energy source.
  • Other simple sugars include fructose and lactose.
  • Excess sugar is stored in muscles and liver as glycogen or as fat.

Health Implications of Fiber

  • Fiber consumption normalizes bowel movements.
  • Fiber consumption helps maintain bowel health.
  • Fiber consumption lowers cholesterol levels.
  • Fiber consumption helps control blood sugar levels.
  • Fiber consumption aids in achieving healthy weight.

Atoms

  • C = Carbon
  • H = Hydrogen
  • O = Oxygen
  • These atoms form fatty acids and fats.

Healthy Fats

  • Unsaturated fats include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
  • Polyunsaturated fats have more than one carbon-carbon double bond; monounsaturated fats have one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • Examples include avocado, nuts, and olive oil.
  • Benefits include improvement of blood cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk, and benefiting insulin and blood sugar levels.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

  • Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat.
  • Essential meaning the body can't produce them and they're needed for health.
  • They help reduce inflammation.
  • They have benefits for heart health and mental health.

Water - Soluble Vitamins

  • Water-soluble vitamins are lost when cooked or exposed to oxygen.
  • Vitamin C is important for collagen formation, immune function, and iron absorption.
  • Sources include fruits, vegetables, and broccoli.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

  • Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat and need fat for absorption.
  • Vitamin A is important for good vision and immune function. Sources include carrots and sweet potatoes.
  • Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption and bone health, and can be made by the body in response to sunlight.

Minerals

  • Minerals are essential for building strong bones and teeth.
  • Calcium supports nerve signaling and muscle contractions.
  • Magnesium is needed for maintaining muscle and nerve function.
  • Iron is important for transporting oxygen throughout the body.
  • Zinc helps the body maintain a sense of smell and supports the immune system.

Proteins

  • Proteins are the building blocks of tissue.
  • They can be complete (containing all essential amino acids, e.g. the proteins in meat) or incomplete (lacking some essential amino acids, e.g. the proteins in beans).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the roles of insulin, types of diabetes, and the digestion process. This quiz covers essential topics in nutrition, including the significance of calories, proteins, and amino acids. Explore how the body processes food and energy with a series of engaging questions.

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