Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the diet of athletes?
An inexpensive and efficient source of energy
What is the relationship between consuming certain carbohydrates and tooth decay?
Consuming certain carbohydrates, particularly simple sugars, can contribute to tooth decay if good dental hygiene practices are not followed.
What is a common misconception about carbohydrates and their impact on health?
That consuming sugary foods causes depression and hyperactive behavior, and is addictive.
What is the primary reason people follow low-carbohydrate diets?
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What is the main risk of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?
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What is the relationship between fiber-rich foods and health?
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What is the difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy?
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What is metabolic syndrome, and how can it be prevented?
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Why do people gain body fat?
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What happens to excess carbohydrates in the body?
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Why do people tend to blame carbohydrates for their unwanted weight gain?
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How many kcal/g do fats supply compared to carbohydrates?
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What is a characteristic of foods that contain a lot of added sugars and solid fats?
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Why do many people find it difficult to resist eating foods that contain a lot of sugar and fat?
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What has increased over the past several years in the American diet?
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What is the average daily calorie intake of adult males and females in the United States?
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What is released in the brain when we eat a tasty food?
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Is there scientific evidence that people can become addicted to foods, particularly those containing sucrose?
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What is one of the major sources of added sugars in the diets of Americans who are 2 years of age and older?
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What is the estimated percentage of adult Americans who have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?
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What is the condition in which liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue that has no metabolic function?
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What is the percentage of people with diabetes who have type 1 diabetes?
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What is the name of the condition when the liver accumulates fat in response to alcohol consumption?
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What is the name of the condition when the liver becomes inflamed due to fat accumulation in people who do not drink excess alcohol?
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What is the estimated percentage of Americans who have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
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What is the recommended daily intake of fructose to avoid contributing to the risk of chronic diseases?
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Why do people who drink sugar-sweetened beverages tend to gain weight?
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What is the result of excessive caloric intake in addition to high amounts of fructose consumption?
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What is the term for abnormally elevated blood glucose levels, which is a primary sign of diabetes?
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What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose levels?
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What is the classification for fasting blood glucose levels of 126 mg/dl or more?
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What are the two main reasons why people with diabetes experience hyperglycemia?
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What are some of the major signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
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What is the estimated number of Americans who had diabetes in 2018?
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What is the estimated number of adult Americans who had pre-diabetes in 2018?
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Why are people with diabetes more likely to experience severe symptoms if they are infected with COVID-19?
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What is the suspected effect of the coronavirus on the beta cells of the pancreas in people with diabetes?
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What is the ranking of diabetes as a cause of death in the United States in 2018?
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What occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
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What is a common characteristic of individuals who are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes?
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What is a life-threatening condition that can occur in people with undiagnosed or poorly managed type 1 diabetes?
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Why do infants who drink cow’s milk or cow’s milk-based formulas have a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes?
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What is the main issue in individuals with type 2 diabetes?
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Why do individuals with diabetes and COVID-19 have extremely high glucose levels?
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What is the main purpose of regularly testing blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes?
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What is the main risk of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?
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Why is it important for individuals with type 1 diabetes to obtain insulin?
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What is the current status of type 2 diabetes in the United States?
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What is the critical period in a human embryo's development when organs are forming, and what is the risk to the embryo if a woman with diabetes does not control her blood glucose level?
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What percentage of pregnant American women develop gestational diabetes, and what is the typical time frame for this to occur?
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What is the result of a fetus receiving too much glucose from its hyperglycemic mother, and what are the risks associated with this?
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What is the typical duration of a healthy pregnancy, and what are the risks faced by pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes or gestational diabetes?
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What is the purpose of screening for gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and what is typically included in the treatment for women who are diagnosed?
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What is the importance of achieving and maintaining normal or near-normal blood glucose levels for people with diabetes?
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How do physicians measure a patient's average blood glucose levels over longer periods, and what is the target level for most people with diabetes?
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What is the risk for women who have had gestational diabetes, and what can they do to minimize this risk?
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What is the importance of pregnant women with diabetes monitoring their blood glucose levels carefully during pregnancy?
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What is the relationship between gestational diabetes and the characteristics of the fetus at birth?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates and Health
- Carbohydrates are often blamed for weight gain and diabetes, but they are an essential source of energy for athletes
- Tooth decay is associated with consuming certain carbohydrates, particularly simple sugars that stick to teeth
Carbohydrates and Body Fat
- Consuming excess carbohydrates can contribute to excess body fat, but it is not the only factor
- Foods containing refined carbohydrates do not satisfy hunger as well as those containing protein or fat
- Metabolism plays a major role in the development of obesity
- Excess carbohydrate consumption can lead to excess body fat, as the body converts some glucose into fat and stores it in fat cells
Factors Affecting Eating Behavior
- Factors that regulate eating behavior are complex and include hormones, environment, past experiences, senses, and mood
- Eating a tasty food can cause the release of dopamine in the brain, similar to the response to an addictive drug
- Researchers are studying the possible effects of eating certain foods on mental health
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
- Consuming sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke
- People who drink sugar-sweetened beverages do not reduce their consumption of solid foods enough to avoid gaining weight
- Excess body fat is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke
- Consuming high amounts of fructose may harm the liver
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
- NAFLD occurs when the liver accumulates fat in response to factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, and excessive carbohydrate and fat intake
- There is no specific treatment for NAFLD, but losing excess body fat, avoiding alcohol, and eating a healthy diet may allow the liver to heal and avoid inflammation
- An estimated 30-40% of adult Americans have NAFLD
Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes mellitus is a group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
- There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- The primary sign of diabetes is hyperglycemia (abnormally elevated blood glucose levels)
- Diabetes can lead to heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and lower limb amputations
Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells
- The affected person must obtain insulin through regular injections
- Infants who drink cow's milk or cow's milk-based formulas have a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes than breastfed babies
- There is no cure for type 1 diabetes, but it can be managed with regular testing of blood glucose levels and insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes
- Beta cells of people with type 2 diabetes usually produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include physical inactivity, excess body fat, and genetic susceptibility
- Type 2 diabetes is more common in Americans who are Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander
Diabetes During Pregnancy
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Pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes and their developing offspring can develop serious health problems
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Gestational diabetes usually develops after the fifth month of pregnancy and typically goes away after giving birth
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Women who have had gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life### Gestational Diabetes
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Women with adequate prenatal care are screened for gestational diabetes during pregnancy
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Treatment for gestational diabetes typically involves a special diet and regular physical activity
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Some women may also need to monitor their blood glucose levels and take insulin injections regularly
Controlling Diabetes
- People with diabetes must achieve and maintain normal or near-normal blood glucose levels to avoid serious health complications
- Daily blood testing is common for people with diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels
- Physicians measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to determine average blood glucose levels over longer periods
- HbA1c is a component of hemoglobin that attracts glucose in the blood
- In healthy individuals, 4.5-5.7% of hemoglobin is HbA1c
- People with poorly controlled diabetes have higher HbA1c levels due to high blood glucose levels
- The goal for most people with diabetes is to maintain an HbA1c level below 7%
Classifying Diabetes According to A1c Values
- HbA1c levels can diagnose and classify diabetes
- Normal HbA1c levels range from 4.5% to below 5.7%
- Higher HbA1c levels indicate poorly controlled diabetes
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Description
This quiz covers the effects of excess carbohydrate consumption on health, differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, signs and symptoms of diabetes, risk factors, and health problems associated with poorly controlled diabetes.