Carbohydrates, Diabetes and Health
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the diet of athletes?

An inexpensive and efficient source of energy

What is the relationship between consuming certain carbohydrates and tooth decay?

Consuming certain carbohydrates, particularly simple sugars, can contribute to tooth decay if good dental hygiene practices are not followed.

What is a common misconception about carbohydrates and their impact on health?

That consuming sugary foods causes depression and hyperactive behavior, and is addictive.

What is the primary reason people follow low-carbohydrate diets?

<p>To lose weight, as they believe carbohydrates contribute to excess body fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?

<p>It is a serious health problem associated with poorly controlled diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between fiber-rich foods and health?

<p>Including fiber-rich foods in one's diet has significant health benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy?

<p>Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, while milk allergy is an immune system reaction to milk proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolic syndrome, and how can it be prevented?

<p>Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by a group of risk factors that increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes; it can be prevented by maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and engaging in regular physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people gain body fat?

<p>When their intake of food energy from macronutrients and nonnutrient alcohol exceeds their output of energy for various physiological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to excess carbohydrates in the body?

<p>The body converts some of the glucose into fat, but much of the excess is 'burned' as a biological fuel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people tend to blame carbohydrates for their unwanted weight gain?

<p>Because starches and sugars are often combined with hidden fats in processed foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many kcal/g do fats supply compared to carbohydrates?

<p>Fats supply 9 kcal/g compared to only 4 kcal/g of carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of foods that contain a lot of added sugars and solid fats?

<p>They tend to be energy dense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do many people find it difficult to resist eating foods that contain a lot of sugar and fat?

<p>Because the sweet taste of sugar masks the bland taste of fat, making foods taste rich and creamy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has increased over the past several years in the American diet?

<p>Consumption of added sugars and overall calorie intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average daily calorie intake of adult males and females in the United States?

<p>2485 kcal/day for adult males and 1849 kcal/day for adult females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released in the brain when we eat a tasty food?

<p>Dopamine, a chemical messenger associated with pleasurable sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there scientific evidence that people can become addicted to foods, particularly those containing sucrose?

<p>No, there is no scientific evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major sources of added sugars in the diets of Americans who are 2 years of age and older?

<p>Sugar-sweetened beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of adult Americans who have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

<p>30 to 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition in which liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue that has no metabolic function?

<p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of people with diabetes who have type 1 diabetes?

<p>About 5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition when the liver accumulates fat in response to alcohol consumption?

<p>Fatty liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition when the liver becomes inflamed due to fat accumulation in people who do not drink excess alcohol?

<p>Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of Americans who have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?

<p>3 to 12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of fructose to avoid contributing to the risk of chronic diseases?

<p>Less than 10% of total calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people who drink sugar-sweetened beverages tend to gain weight?

<p>They do not reduce their consumption of solid foods enough to avoid gaining weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excessive caloric intake in addition to high amounts of fructose consumption?

<p>Weight gain, abnormal blood lipid levels, and fatty liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for abnormally elevated blood glucose levels, which is a primary sign of diabetes?

<p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose levels?

<p>70 to 99 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for fasting blood glucose levels of 126 mg/dl or more?

<p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main reasons why people with diabetes experience hyperglycemia?

<p>Insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the major signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

<p>Excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and poor wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of Americans who had diabetes in 2018?

<p>34.2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of adult Americans who had pre-diabetes in 2018?

<p>88 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are people with diabetes more likely to experience severe symptoms if they are infected with COVID-19?

<p>Chronic inflammation and the inflammatory response from the coronavirus infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suspected effect of the coronavirus on the beta cells of the pancreas in people with diabetes?

<p>Reduced insulin production and abnormal glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ranking of diabetes as a cause of death in the United States in 2018?

<p>Seventh</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

<p>The immune system cells attack and destroy many of the beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of individuals who are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes?

<p>They are physically inactive, have excess body fat, and are genetically related to a close family member with type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a life-threatening condition that can occur in people with undiagnosed or poorly managed type 1 diabetes?

<p>Ketoacidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do infants who drink cow’s milk or cow’s milk-based formulas have a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes?

<p>Because it may trigger an autoimmune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue in individuals with type 2 diabetes?

<p>The target cells are insulin-resistant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do individuals with diabetes and COVID-19 have extremely high glucose levels?

<p>Because diabetes and COVID-19 can interact to make glucose levels difficult to manage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of regularly testing blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes?

<p>To prevent ketoacidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?

<p>Serious health problems for the mother and the developing offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for individuals with type 1 diabetes to obtain insulin?

<p>Because the immune system has destroyed the beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of type 2 diabetes in the United States?

<p>It has reached epidemic proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical period in a human embryo's development when organs are forming, and what is the risk to the embryo if a woman with diabetes does not control her blood glucose level?

<p>The first 8 weeks, and the risk is birth defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pregnant American women develop gestational diabetes, and what is the typical time frame for this to occur?

<p>About 9%, usually after the fifth month of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a fetus receiving too much glucose from its hyperglycemic mother, and what are the risks associated with this?

<p>The fetus gains weight rapidly, may be abnormally heavy at birth, and can cause complications during delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of a healthy pregnancy, and what are the risks faced by pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes or gestational diabetes?

<p>About 40 weeks, and risks include miscarriages, stillbirths, and premature deliveries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of screening for gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and what is typically included in the treatment for women who are diagnosed?

<p>To detect gestational diabetes, and treatment includes a special diet, regular physical activity, and possibly insulin injections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of achieving and maintaining normal or near-normal blood glucose levels for people with diabetes?

<p>To avoid or delay serious health complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do physicians measure a patient's average blood glucose levels over longer periods, and what is the target level for most people with diabetes?

<p>Through glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing, and the target level is below 7%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk for women who have had gestational diabetes, and what can they do to minimize this risk?

<p>They are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can minimize this risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of pregnant women with diabetes monitoring their blood glucose levels carefully during pregnancy?

<p>To minimize risks to both themselves and their fetuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between gestational diabetes and the characteristics of the fetus at birth?

<p>The fetus may be abnormally heavy, and this can cause complications during delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates and Health

  • Carbohydrates are often blamed for weight gain and diabetes, but they are an essential source of energy for athletes
  • Tooth decay is associated with consuming certain carbohydrates, particularly simple sugars that stick to teeth

Carbohydrates and Body Fat

  • Consuming excess carbohydrates can contribute to excess body fat, but it is not the only factor
  • Foods containing refined carbohydrates do not satisfy hunger as well as those containing protein or fat
  • Metabolism plays a major role in the development of obesity
  • Excess carbohydrate consumption can lead to excess body fat, as the body converts some glucose into fat and stores it in fat cells

Factors Affecting Eating Behavior

  • Factors that regulate eating behavior are complex and include hormones, environment, past experiences, senses, and mood
  • Eating a tasty food can cause the release of dopamine in the brain, similar to the response to an addictive drug
  • Researchers are studying the possible effects of eating certain foods on mental health

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

  • Consuming sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke
  • People who drink sugar-sweetened beverages do not reduce their consumption of solid foods enough to avoid gaining weight
  • Excess body fat is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke
  • Consuming high amounts of fructose may harm the liver

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

  • NAFLD occurs when the liver accumulates fat in response to factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, and excessive carbohydrate and fat intake
  • There is no specific treatment for NAFLD, but losing excess body fat, avoiding alcohol, and eating a healthy diet may allow the liver to heal and avoid inflammation
  • An estimated 30-40% of adult Americans have NAFLD

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Diabetes mellitus is a group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
  • There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  • The primary sign of diabetes is hyperglycemia (abnormally elevated blood glucose levels)
  • Diabetes can lead to heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and lower limb amputations

Type 1 Diabetes

  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells
  • The affected person must obtain insulin through regular injections
  • Infants who drink cow's milk or cow's milk-based formulas have a greater risk of developing type 1 diabetes than breastfed babies
  • There is no cure for type 1 diabetes, but it can be managed with regular testing of blood glucose levels and insulin injections

Type 2 Diabetes

  • Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes
  • Beta cells of people with type 2 diabetes usually produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant
  • Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include physical inactivity, excess body fat, and genetic susceptibility
  • Type 2 diabetes is more common in Americans who are Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander

Diabetes During Pregnancy

  • Pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes and their developing offspring can develop serious health problems

  • Gestational diabetes usually develops after the fifth month of pregnancy and typically goes away after giving birth

  • Women who have had gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life### Gestational Diabetes

  • Women with adequate prenatal care are screened for gestational diabetes during pregnancy

  • Treatment for gestational diabetes typically involves a special diet and regular physical activity

  • Some women may also need to monitor their blood glucose levels and take insulin injections regularly

Controlling Diabetes

  • People with diabetes must achieve and maintain normal or near-normal blood glucose levels to avoid serious health complications
  • Daily blood testing is common for people with diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels
  • Physicians measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to determine average blood glucose levels over longer periods
  • HbA1c is a component of hemoglobin that attracts glucose in the blood
  • In healthy individuals, 4.5-5.7% of hemoglobin is HbA1c
  • People with poorly controlled diabetes have higher HbA1c levels due to high blood glucose levels
  • The goal for most people with diabetes is to maintain an HbA1c level below 7%

Classifying Diabetes According to A1c Values

  • HbA1c levels can diagnose and classify diabetes
  • Normal HbA1c levels range from 4.5% to below 5.7%
  • Higher HbA1c levels indicate poorly controlled diabetes

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Description

This quiz covers the effects of excess carbohydrate consumption on health, differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, signs and symptoms of diabetes, risk factors, and health problems associated with poorly controlled diabetes.

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