Nutrition and Health - Brain, Eye, and Joint Health Benefits

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What is the role of carbohydrates in the metabolism of fats?

Essential for the metabolism of fat

When does the body breakdown fats?

When glucose is not available

What are ketone bodies?

Group of 3 water soluble biochemical compounds

Under what conditions are ketone bodies produced?

During fasting periods, carbohydrate restrictive diets, prolonged intense exercise, or in untreated diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fatty acids when carbohydrates are not available?

Fatty acids can be metabolized by tissues expressing the necessary transporter Signup and view all the answers

What type of eye problem can occur in deficiency of linolenic acid?

Retinitis pigmentosa Signup and view all the answers

How does omega 6 fatty acid affect inflammation?

It has pro-inflammatory effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of linoleic acid in joint health?

It helps reduce inflammation and symptoms of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Signup and view all the answers

How do omega 3 fatty acids affect clotting time?

They increase clotting time, preventing intravascular thrombosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of prostaglandins in the body?

Prostaglandins play a crucial role in various physiological processes. Signup and view all the answers

How do branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) differ from other fatty acids?

BCFA are mostly saturated fatty acids with methyl branches on the carbon chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of vernix caseosa in newborn babies?

Antimicrobial defense and insulation mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Where is BCFA mainly found in newborn babies?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

How does BCFA benefit gut health?

Increase production of beneficial SCFA which maintain gut barrier function, reduce inflammation, and improve immune function Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between BCFA and insulin sensitivity?

BCFA improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

How does BCFA contribute to muscle preservation?

Helps preserve muscle mass and reduce muscle breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical composition of cord factor found in mycobacterium tuberculosis?

BCFA trehalose 66dimycolate Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of glucosaminoglycans in dermatology?

Hydrate and plump skin, reduce appearance of wrinkles Signup and view all the answers

Where is chondroitin sulfate found and what is its importance?

Found in cartilage, connective tissue, and synovial fluid; importance in dietary supplements for joint health Signup and view all the answers

What role does keratan sulfate play in corneal health?

Could result in corneal disorders if altered Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions could alterations of keratan sulfate 1 contribute to pathogenesis?

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of heparin in cardiovascular procedures?

Used in heart surgery to prevent clotting Signup and view all the answers

Where is heparan sulfate found and what is its significance?

Found in kidney basement membrane, type 4 collagen, and laminin; role in charge selectiveness of glomerular filtration Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of high anion gap acidosis according to the mnemonic MUDPILES?

Methanol, Uremia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Propylene glycol, Infection, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicytes Signup and view all the answers

Name the autosomal recessive Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) diseases and their specific enzyme deficiencies.

MPS I - Hurler (Deficiency of L-iduronidase), MPS II - Hunter (Deficiency of Iduronate sulfatase), MPS III A - Sanfilippo A (Deficiency of Heparan sulfate enzyme), MPS III B - Sanfilippo B (Deficiency of Heparan sulfate enzyme), MPS III C - Sanfilippo C, MPS III D - Sanfilippo D, MPS IV A - Morquio A, MPS IV B - Morquio B, MPS VI - Maroteaux-Lamy, MPS VII - Sly Signup and view all the answers

What are the common clinical manifestations seen in patients with Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)?

Mental deficiency, Coarse facial features, Corneal clouding, Visceromegaly, Short stature, Joint contractures, Dysostosis multiplex, Leucocyte inclusions Signup and view all the answers

Which specific glycosaminoglycans are found in the urine of individuals with MPS III and MPS IV?

MPS III - Dermatan sulfate and Heparan sulfate, MPS IV - Dermatan sulfate Signup and view all the answers

Identify the MPS type associated with the deficiency of N-acetylglucosaminidase and Glucosaminide N-acetyl transferase.

MPS III A - Sanfilippo A Signup and view all the answers

Which MPS type is characterized by the deficiency of Beta galactosidase and N-acetyl galactosamine 4 sulfatase?

MPS IV B Signup and view all the answers