29 Questions
What is the role of carbohydrates in the metabolism of fats?
Essential for the metabolism of fat
When does the body breakdown fats?
When glucose is not available
What are ketone bodies?
Group of 3 water soluble biochemical compounds
Under what conditions are ketone bodies produced?
During fasting periods, carbohydrate restrictive diets, prolonged intense exercise, or in untreated diabetes
What happens to fatty acids when carbohydrates are not available?
Fatty acids can be metabolized by tissues expressing the necessary transporter
What type of eye problem can occur in deficiency of linolenic acid?
Retinitis pigmentosa
How does omega 6 fatty acid affect inflammation?
It has pro-inflammatory effects.
What is the role of linoleic acid in joint health?
It helps reduce inflammation and symptoms of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
How do omega 3 fatty acids affect clotting time?
They increase clotting time, preventing intravascular thrombosis.
What is the significance of prostaglandins in the body?
Prostaglandins play a crucial role in various physiological processes.
How do branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) differ from other fatty acids?
BCFA are mostly saturated fatty acids with methyl branches on the carbon chain.
What is the function of vernix caseosa in newborn babies?
Antimicrobial defense and insulation mechanism
Where is BCFA mainly found in newborn babies?
Skin
How does BCFA benefit gut health?
Increase production of beneficial SCFA which maintain gut barrier function, reduce inflammation, and improve immune function
What is the relationship between BCFA and insulin sensitivity?
BCFA improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome
How does BCFA contribute to muscle preservation?
Helps preserve muscle mass and reduce muscle breakdown
What is the chemical composition of cord factor found in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
BCFA trehalose 66dimycolate
What is the importance of glucosaminoglycans in dermatology?
Hydrate and plump skin, reduce appearance of wrinkles
Where is chondroitin sulfate found and what is its importance?
Found in cartilage, connective tissue, and synovial fluid; importance in dietary supplements for joint health
What role does keratan sulfate play in corneal health?
Could result in corneal disorders if altered
In what conditions could alterations of keratan sulfate 1 contribute to pathogenesis?
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
What is the importance of heparin in cardiovascular procedures?
Used in heart surgery to prevent clotting
Where is heparan sulfate found and what is its significance?
Found in kidney basement membrane, type 4 collagen, and laminin; role in charge selectiveness of glomerular filtration
What are the causes of high anion gap acidosis according to the mnemonic MUDPILES?
Methanol, Uremia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Propylene glycol, Infection, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicytes
Name the autosomal recessive Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) diseases and their specific enzyme deficiencies.
MPS I - Hurler (Deficiency of L-iduronidase), MPS II - Hunter (Deficiency of Iduronate sulfatase), MPS III A - Sanfilippo A (Deficiency of Heparan sulfate enzyme), MPS III B - Sanfilippo B (Deficiency of Heparan sulfate enzyme), MPS III C - Sanfilippo C, MPS III D - Sanfilippo D, MPS IV A - Morquio A, MPS IV B - Morquio B, MPS VI - Maroteaux-Lamy, MPS VII - Sly
What are the common clinical manifestations seen in patients with Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)?
Mental deficiency, Coarse facial features, Corneal clouding, Visceromegaly, Short stature, Joint contractures, Dysostosis multiplex, Leucocyte inclusions
Which specific glycosaminoglycans are found in the urine of individuals with MPS III and MPS IV?
MPS III - Dermatan sulfate and Heparan sulfate, MPS IV - Dermatan sulfate
Identify the MPS type associated with the deficiency of N-acetylglucosaminidase and Glucosaminide N-acetyl transferase.
MPS III A - Sanfilippo A
Which MPS type is characterized by the deficiency of Beta galactosidase and N-acetyl galactosamine 4 sulfatase?
MPS IV B
Learn about the various health benefits of nutrition on brain, eye, and joint health. Discover how specific nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids can improve cognitive function, reduce the risk of neurological disorders, maintain eye health, and alleviate joint inflammation.
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