Nutrition and Dietary Fibre Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What effect do low glycemic index foods have on glucose absorption?

They have no effect on glucose absorption.

They completely prevent glucose absorption.

They speed up the absorption of glucose.

They slow down the rate of glucose absorption. (correct)

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing glycemic index?

Processing of food

Fibre content

Presence of fats and proteins

Color of the food (correct)

What characterizes Type-1 Diabetes?

Increased insulin production.

Develops exclusively during pregnancy.

Insulin resistance in muscle tissue.

Destruction of the pancreas due to autoimmune disease. (correct)

What is a potential risk of untreated gestational diabetes?

High birthweight babies. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Type-2 Diabetes?

It results from both insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 100% whole grain wheat bread and 100% whole wheat bread?

Whole grain bread contains bran, germ, and endosperm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes?

They may face a higher risk of obesity and Type-2 diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is most significantly lost when the germ is removed from bread?

Vitamin E Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the state of insulin resistance?

Insulin is produced but does not affect glucose uptake. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for dietary fibre indicate when the Adequate Intake (AI) is not met by 50% of a population?

The population intake may or may not be adequate. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for Type-1 Diabetes?

Insulin injections. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about white bread is accurate?

It is fortified with some nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Why might adult Canadians have an inadequate fibre intake?

Less than 50% are consuming above the AI. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of bran in whole grain bread?

To contribute dietary fibre. Signup and view all the answers

How is white flour made?

By processing the endosperm only. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fortified white bread is correct?

It has added nutrients to compensate for losses. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to acetyl Co-A when carbohydrate intake is low?

It is diverted into metabolic pathways that produce ketones. Signup and view all the answers

How does soluble fiber affect the glycemic response of food?

It slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a healthier glycemic response?

A gradual rise and decline in blood glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the glycemic index primarily used to measure?

The impact of food carbohydrate on blood glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

How is the glycemic index determined?

By measuring the area under the glucose response curve of the test food and a reference food. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to insulin levels when blood glucose rises rapidly?

Insulin levels increase dramatically. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reference food commonly used to evaluate the glycemic index?

50 grams of glucose or white bread. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average result for glycemic index obtained from?

Test results from about 10 healthy individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood glucose levels in the early stages of insulin resistance?

They decrease as the pancreas increases insulin secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes?

Obesity. Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise benefit individuals with type-2 diabetes?

It promotes glucose uptake in muscle tissue independent of insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome if insulin resistance and pancreatic function continue to worsen?

Progression to type-2 diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What dietary approach can help in the treatment or prevention of type-2 diabetes?

Well-balanced dietary patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does gluconeogenesis have in an insulin-resistant liver?

It continues, contributing to elevated blood glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a shift towards pre-diabetes in blood glucose levels?

Elevated blood glucose levels after meals. Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to the pancreas as insulin resistance develops?

It may become exhausted and fail to secrete enough insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease mentioned in relation to carbohydrates?

High serum triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What initiates cancer according to the content?

Carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

How does dietary fiber potentially reduce the risk of colon cancer?

By reducing contact time with carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body?

Metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweetener contributes little or no calories to food?

Non-nutritive sweeteners Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant safety issue associated with non-nutritive sweeteners?

Concerns about long-term health effects Signup and view all the answers

What role do short chain fatty acids play in colon health?

They act as a source of energy for colon cells Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic do both aspartame and sucralose share?

Both are non-nutritive sweeteners Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Breads and Whole Grains

100% Whole Grain Bread contains endosperm, bran, and germ of the grain.
100% Whole Wheat Bread contains endosperm and bran, but the germ is removed.
White Bread contains only the endosperm. Bran and germ are removed.
White bread is fortified with iron, thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin, but this does not make up for all the nutrients lost when bran and germ are removed.

Dietary Fibre Intake

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for dietary fibre is an Adequate Intake (AI).
- An AI is assigned when there is not enough research to determine an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).
If 50% or more of the population consumes above the AI, it’s deemed adequate.
If less than 50% of the population consumes above the AI, it may or may not be adequate.
Adult Canadians’ intake of fibre may or may not be adequate as less than 50% consume above the AI in all age categories.

Glycemic Response and Soluble Fibre

Soluble fibre absorbs water and creates a viscous solution that slows the release of glucose from the gut and into the blood.
This results in a more gradual rise and fall in blood glucose levels, which is healthier for the pancreas than a rapid increase followed by a sharp decline.

Glycemic Index (GI)

Foods high in soluble fibre have a lower GI.
- GI is calculated by comparing the blood glucose response to a test food with the response to a reference food (50g glucose or white bread).
- Foods with a low GI slow the rate of glucose absorption, similar to soluble fibre.
- Factors influencing a low GI include fibre content, processing, and other components present, such as fat and protein.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, and is linked to the body's inability to produce or respond properly to insulin.
- Type 1 Diabetes: Body cannot produce insulin due to an autoimmune attack on the pancreas. Treated with insulin injections. Accounts for 10% of diabetic cases.
- Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy. Untreated, this can result in a large baby, causing complications during delivery. Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life. Mothers with gestational diabetes also have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Can be treated to decrease risk to both mother and infant.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Most common type, accounting for 90% of cases.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, and reduced insulin secretion from the pancreas.
- Insulin Resistance: Muscle and adipose tissue do not respond to insulin's signal to take up glucose. As a result, glucose remains in the blood, causing damage to blood vessels, leading to increased heart disease risk.
- Liver: Insulin resistance prevents the suppression of gluconeogenesis, adding to high blood glucose levels.
- Initially, the pancreas compensates for insulin resistance by increasing insulin production. However, eventually, the pancreas becomes exhausted, resulting in insufficient insulin production to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes typically develops during adulthood, but is increasingly being seen in children, teens, and young adults due to the rise in childhood obesity.

Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Treatment includes:
- Weight loss: Obesity is a major risk factor.
- Exercise: Exercise promotes glucose uptake by muscle tissue, independently of insulin.
- Diet: Well-balanced dietary patterns are effective.
- Medication: Medication in combination with the above steps can be effective.

Dietary Patterns for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment

Several dietary patterns are linked to reduced risk for type 2 diabetes.

Carbohydrates and Cardiovascular Disease

Foods high in free sugars may raise serum triglycerides, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Blood lipids will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 5.

Carbohydrates and Cancer

Cancer is caused by mutations in a cell's DNA that lead to uncontrolled growth.
These mutations can lead to the formation of a tumor, and cells from that tumor can spread to other parts of the body (metastasis).
Carcinogens can initiate mutations (tumor initiators) or promote the growth of established tumors (tumor promoters).
- Dietary carcinogens can contribute to cancer development.

Colon Cancer and Dietary Fibre

Studies show that dietary fibre can reduce the risk of colon cancer.
- Possible Mechanisms of Action:
  - Fibre reduces the time fecal contents remain in contact with intestinal cells, potentially reducing exposure to carcinogens.
  - Fibre undergoes fermentation by gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids, which provide energy for colon cells and maintain their function.
  - High-fibre foods also contain beneficial compounds like antioxidants and phytochemicals, which may help reduce cancer risk.

Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

These are sweeteners that contribute little to no calories.
The safety of some non-nutritive sweeteners is controversial.
- Aspartame and Sucralose will be compared and contrasted.

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Description

Test your knowledge on breads, whole grains, and dietary fibre. This quiz covers the composition of different bread types, the importance of dietary reference intake for fibre, and the role of soluble fibre in glycemic response. Evaluate how well you understand these essential nutrition topics!