Nutrition and Chronic Diseases - Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

What are the leading causes of death in the US?

Chronic diseases

Infectious diseases are predominantly preventable by good nutrition.

False

Chronic diseases are largely preventable by good nutrition.

True

What are the unmodifiable risk factors for chronic diseases?

<p>Advancing age and family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases? (Select all that apply)

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic disease is characterized by hardening of the arteries?

<p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypertension and atherosclerosis are unrelated conditions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthy diet can reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood lipid levels with their associated health status:

<p>Total blood cholesterol &lt;200 mg/dL = Healthy Total blood cholesterol 200-239 mg/dL = Borderline Total blood cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL = Unhealthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome that involves high blood glucose, central obesity, hypertension, low blood LDL, and high blood triglycerides?

<p>Metabolic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

<p>Increase sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DASH diet emphasizes high-fat dairy products and red meat.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of diabetes?

<p>Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?

<p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Excessive sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prediabetes is a reversible condition.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended blood glucose range for a normal individual in a fasting state?

<p>70-99 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended for the prevention and management of diabetes?

<p>Consume a high-sugar diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is safe to consume high-dose dietary supplements for cancer prevention.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obesity is a significant contributor to cancer risk.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an initiator in the cancer development process?

<p>Carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a promoter in the cancer development process?

<p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another?

<p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of diets that are commonly recommended for reducing CVD risk?

<p>DASH and Mediterranean diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs and herbs can interact with food and nutrients in various ways.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is only necessary to be concerned about nutrient-drug interactions when taking prescription drugs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can increase the likelihood of nutrient-drug interactions? (Select all that apply)

<p>Herbs or supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "carcinogenesis" refer to?

<p>The development of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between risk factors and chronic diseases?

<p>Risk factors are traits, conditions, or lifestyle habits that increase the chances of developing chronic diseases. Chronic diseases are degenerative conditions or illnesses that progress slowly, are often preventable by good nutrition, and are leading causes of death in the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a modifiable risk factor for heart disease?

<p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis?

<p>Atherosclerosis raises blood pressure and high blood pressure accelerates atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 2 diabetes is more common than Type 1 diabetes and develops because cells are resistant to insulin.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main causes for cancer?

<p>The main causes of cancer are linked to genetic material inside a person's cells, when the genetic material is damaged. Damage can be due to carcinogens, such as radiation, free radicals, and chemicals. This damage can also be induced by promoters, which are hormones or environmental factors that encourage the growth of tumors. The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body is called metastasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major risk factors for cancer?

<p>While many factors contribute to cancer, the major risk factors include age, family history, chronic inflammation, diet, weakened immunity, infections, and obesity and estrogen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the DASH diet?

<p>The DASH diet is a diet designed to reduce high blood pressure and has been developed by the National Institutes of Health. It is based on eating healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy while limiting sodium intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym DASH stand for?

<p>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nutrient-drug interaction?

<p>When foods, drugs, or herbs interfere with each other's actions in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most likely to be concerned about nutrient-drug interactions?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of foodborne illness is caused by microorganisms infecting tissues and multiplying in the human body?

<p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with botulism poisoning?

<p>Paralysis of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is considered a warning sign of botulism and requires immediate medical attention?

<p>Difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is most notorious for causing intoxication through neurotoxins?

<p>Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxin is involved in foodborne illnesses that affects the mucous membranes of the digestive system?

<p>Enterotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common factor in the botulism cases mentioned?

<p>Eating improperly canned or stored foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is used to reduce the risk of microbes in certain foods like milk and eggs?

<p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is defined as two or more cases of a disease from the same organism within a limited time frame?

<p>Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should proper home canning guidelines help minimize the risk of?

<p>Foodborne illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of botulism that has been highlighted in recent incidents?

<p>Ingestion of improperly processed foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is specifically mentioned as a concern related to food safety orders?

<p>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequence can arise from consuming food associated with botulism?

<p>Severe neurological issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is typically safe to consume raw?

<p>Fresh fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern when consuming raw or undercooked seafood?

<p>Presence of parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with consuming honey for infants?

<p>Presence of Clostridium botulinum spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 2-2-4 rule pertain to?

<p>Food storage times for leftovers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sprouts are considered a potential food safety risk due to which factor?

<p>Exposure to pathogens during growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is raw milk considered a food safety concern?

<p>Potential presence of harmful bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imported foods may require careful consideration due to what labeling aspect?

<p>Country of origin label</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about biofilm in raw produce is accurate?

<p>It consists of microbes and a protective coating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in determining the safety of picnic foods?

<p>Temperature control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature should food be held at to ensure safety before being served?

<p>140°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best method to chill foods quickly?

<p>Cool in shallow dishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is essential to prevent cross-contamination in the kitchen?

<p>Keeping raw foods separated from ready-to-eat foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using soap and warm water during food preparation?

<p>To clean and sanitize surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to thaw meats safely?

<p>In the refrigerator</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the proper way to store raw eggs?

<p>In a separate compartment away from other food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which internal temperature is necessary to effectively kill most harmful microbes in food?

<p>145°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with perishable food immediately after eating?

<p>Place it in the refrigerator promptly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cross-contamination primarily associated with in food safety?

<p>Harmful bacteria spreading from one food to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 11: Nutrition and Chronic Diseases

  • This chapter discusses the relationship between risk factors and chronic diseases.
  • Learning objectives include discussing the relationship between risk factors and chronic diseases, describing cardiovascular disease and identifying its risk factors, summarizing the causes, consequences, and management of type 2 diabetes, and describing the relationship between diet and cancer.
  • Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. Natural immunity, vaccination, and sanitation help prevent them.
  • Chronic diseases are degenerative conditions that often progress slowly and are, to a great extent, preventable by good nutrition. They are a leading cause of death in the U.S.
  • Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased, while mortality is death.
  • Risk factors are traits, conditions, or lifestyle habits that increase the likelihood of developing a chronic disease.
  • Chronic diseases include atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes type 2, cancers, and obesity.
  • Risk factors that can't be changed include age and family history (genetic factors). Other modifiable factors include excessive alcohol use and physical inactivity.
  • Diet-related risk factors include high intakes of added sugars, saturated and trans fats, excessive salt/pickled foods, and low intake of vitamins/minerals. Also includes lack of fruit, vegetable, and whole grains in diet.
  • Diseases are interconnected, with one disease being a risk factor for another. Obesity is often connected to multiple chronic diseases.
  • Heart disease is a leading cause of death in the U.S.
  • Cancer is a second-leading cause of disability and death in the U.S. Prevention is preferable to a cure for most cancers.
  • Cancer development involves initiation, promotion, and further tumor development leading to metastasis.
  • Risk factors for cancer include advancing age, family history, chronic inflammation, weakened immunity, infections, obesity, and estrogen. Other risk factors include alcohol with smoking, carcinogens, cooking methods, iron, fried foods, and environmental carcinogens.
  • Dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risk include consuming a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and beans. Limiting alcohol consumption and processed/red meats is also recommended.
  • Dietary recommendations to reduce CVD (cardiovascular diseases) risk include managing lifestyle changes, including treating existing diseases, losing weight, controlling alcohol intake, not smoking, knowing family history and blood pressure, and determining risk factors. Also includes reducing salt/sodium intake, increasing potassium intake, and following a healthy dietary pattern, such as DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) and Mediterranean diets.
  • Reducing the intake of saturated fat and increasing the intake of soluble, viscous fiber can help lower LDL.
  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease affecting 5–10% of cases. It involves the destruction of insulin-producing cells. Injections or use of insulin is required.
  • Type 2 diabetes affects 90–95% of cases. It often occurs later in life and is linked to insulin resistance. Medical management may involve variation in insulin use and/or medications.
  • Diabetic test standards involve measuring fasting glucose and A1C (glycated hemoglobin) levels.
  • There exist nutrient-drug interactions that can either enhance or diminish the absorption, excretion, or actions /metabolism of different nutrients.
  • Different types of drugs (prescription and over-the-counter), alcohol, herbs, and certain foods can cause nutrient-drug interactions leading to unintended negative consequences.
  • Individuals who use multiple or long-term medications, consume alcohol daily, or are poorly nourished may be particularly concerned about such interactions.

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Description

This quiz explores the crucial link between nutrition and various chronic diseases. It covers risk factors, prevention strategies, and management of conditions like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Understanding these relationships is essential for addressing public health concerns.

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