Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

  • Smoking
  • Poor diet
  • Genetics (correct)
  • Physical inactivity

What role do HDL and LDL play in cardiovascular health?

  • Both HDL and LDL contribute equally to cholesterol levels.
  • HDL protects heart health while LDL can increase cardiovascular risks. (correct)
  • LDL helps remove cholesterol while HDL deposits it in arteries.
  • HDL deposits cholesterol while LDL removes it from the bloodstream.

What dietary approach is recommended for preventing hypertension?

  • Focus solely on animal proteins.
  • Follow the DASH diet, which is low in sodium and high in potassium. (correct)
  • Increase sugar intake and limit fruits.
  • Consume higher levels of saturated fats.

Which lifestyle modification can help prevent type 2 diabetes?

<p>Engage in regular physical activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the glycemic index primarily used for?

<p>Ranking carbohydrates based on their impact on blood sugar levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods would likely have a high glycemic index?

<p>White bread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do anti-inflammatory foods contribute to health?

<p>They support immune health and reduce inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism through which type 2 diabetes develops?

<p>Insulin resistance due to poor diet and inactivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for cancer prevention?

<p>Increase processed meats and alcohol consumption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant role of the DASH diet?

<p>Reduce blood pressure and improve heart health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common consequences of uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>Heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can cause initiation of cancer?

<p>Damage from carcinogens and environmental factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does obesity have on chronic diseases?

<p>It increases the risk of chronic diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason no amount of alcohol is considered safe during pregnancy?

<p>Alcohol interferes with fetal development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

<p>Facial abnormalities and brain damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to manage gestational diabetes?

<p>Insulin injections only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some critical nutrients needed for brain development in children?

<p>Iron, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are potential consequences of lead exposure in children?

<p>Permanent brain damage and learning disabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids be beneficial?

<p>It reduces inflammation and pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should solid foods generally be introduced to infants?

<p>6 months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant dietary need for older adults to help maintain muscle mass?

<p>1.0–1.2 g/kg body weight of protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these practices helps prevent dental caries?

<p>Regularly brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of having breakfast for children?

<p>It boosts energy and concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk factor associated with preeclampsia?

<p>Increased risk of placental issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can maternal diet during pregnancy influence the child's future health?

<p>It can increase the risk of chronic diseases later in life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is high-glycemic food a concern for adolescents with acne?

<p>It may worsen acne by triggering inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are chronic diseases?

Long-term diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer that progress over time.

What is atherosclerosis?

A build-up of plaque in arteries (fat, cholesterol, calcium).

Why is hypertension dangerous?

Increases the workload of the heart and blood vessels, leading to a risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure.

What is LDL cholesterol?

Deposits cholesterol in arteries, increasing cardiovascular risks.

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What is HDL cholesterol?

Removes cholesterol, protecting heart health.

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What are non-modifiable risk factors for CVD?

Factors you cannot change, like age, gender, genetics and family history.

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What are modifiable risk factors for CVD?

Factors you can change, like poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, obesity and diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

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How does nutrition affect immunity?

Vitamins A, C, E, Zinc, and protein support immune health.

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How does Type 2 diabetes develop?

Insulin resistance develops over time due to poor diet, obesity, and inactivity.

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What are the harms from diabetes?

Damage to blood vessels and nerves, leading to increased risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, vision loss, nerve damage (neuropathy), slow wound healing and infections.

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What is the Glycemic Index?

A ranking system for carbohydrates in food based on how quickly they raise blood sugar.

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What are low GI foods?

The GI is 0-55, meaning these foods are digested and absorbed slowly, leading to a gradual rise in blood sugar.

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What are High GI foods?

The GI is 70–100, meaning these foods are quickly digested and absorbed, causing rapid spikes in blood sugar.

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What is cancer?

Uncontrolled cell growth and division.

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What are the principles of the DASH Diet?

The DASH Diet is low in sodium and high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

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Food Intoxications

These involve the release of toxins by microbes into food. The toxins cause illness by disrupting the body's normal functions.

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Foodborne Infections

These are caused by consuming food contaminated with harmful microbes that multiply in the body and lead to illness.

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Pathogens

These are microorganisms that can cause diseases. They are found in food and can lead to illnesses.

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Cold Chain Management

This involves maintaining appropriate temperatures to prevent microbial growth from farm to table.

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Separation

This practice aims to prevent bacteria from spreading, especially between raw meat and other foods during food preparation.

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Cooking

This principle involves killing pathogens in food by heating it to specific internal temperatures.

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Chilling

This step involves quickly refrigerating perishable foods to slow down microbial growth and prevent food spoilage.

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Gestational Diabetes

This is a temporary insulin resistance that happens during pregnancy, making it difficult for the body to regulate blood sugar.

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Preeclampsia

This refers to high blood pressure accompanied by protein in the urine, a serious condition that can occur during pregnancy.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy, leading to facial abnormalities, brain damage, and developmental delays in the child.

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Lactation

This involves the production of breast milk, a crucial source of nutrition and immunity for infants.

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Introducing Solid Foods

The process of introducing solid foods to infants around 6 months of age, starting with iron-fortified cereals, pureed vegetables, and fruits.

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Epigenome

Genetic changes that do not alter the DNA sequence but affect gene expression, influenced by environmental factors like diet.

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Anti-inflammatory Diet

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids, known to reduce chronic inflammation, a key contributor to age-related diseases.

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Mediterranean Diet

A dietary approach that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, nuts, olive oil, and fish, with a focus on unprocessed foods and moderate consumption of red meat and sweets, often linked to reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

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Study Notes

Chronic Diseases and Nutrition

  • Chronic diseases are long-term illnesses that develop over time, like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer.
  • Causes include poor diet (high in unhealthy fats and sugars, low in nutrients), sedentary lifestyles, smoking, alcohol consumption, genetics, and environmental factors.
  • Lifestyle and dietary changes can help prevent chronic diseases.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)

  • Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque (fat, cholesterol, calcium) in the arteries, narrowing blood vessels and reducing blood flow.

  • Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure.

  • Plaque buildup can lead to heart attacks and strokes.

  • LDL (low-density lipoprotein, "bad cholesterol") deposits cholesterol in the arteries, increasing cardiovascular risks.

  • HDL (high-density lipoprotein, "good cholesterol") removes cholesterol, helping protect heart health.

  • Maintaining low LDL and high HDL levels is essential for good cardiovascular health.

  • Non-modifiable risk factors for CVD include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

  • Modifiable risk factors include diet (high saturated/trans fats, sodium, low fiber), physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol use, obesity, and diabetes.

Diabetes

  • Type 2 diabetes develops due to insulin resistance, caused by poor diet, obesity, and inactivity.
  • High blood sugar causes the pancreas to produce more insulin, but over time, insulin becomes less effective, leading to diabetes.
  • Managing diabetes involves maintaining a healthy weight, eating high-fiber foods, and exercising regularly.

Cancer

  • Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and division.
  • Cancer progression includes initiation, promotion, and progression.
  • Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and exposure to harmful chemicals (carcinogens).
  • Genetics, age, and gender are non-modifiable risk factors.
  • Preventing cancer involves a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, avoiding processed meats and excessive alcohol, and regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight.

Food Safety

  • Microbial illnesses are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in contaminated food.
  • Food safety is important in all stages from farm to plate.

Pregnancy and Nutrition

  • Proper nutrition and lifestyle changes are essential for maternal and fetal health.
  • Increased energy needs , protein intake, folate and vitamin B12, iron essential during pregnancy.
  • Avoiding alcohol, tobacco and drugs is critical.
  • Public water systems are under EPA regulations.

Other Health Topics

  • Avoiding added sugar, salt, and honey, regular mealtimes and healthy snacking habits is critical.
  • Avoiding sugary snacks and soft drinks.
  • Food allergies, intolerances, and aversions.
  • Dental caries are caused by excess sugar and poor oral hygiene.

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between chronic diseases and nutrition, focusing on key factors such as diet, lifestyle choices, and preventive measures. It specifically covers cardiovascular diseases, their risk factors, and the impact of cholesterol levels on heart health. Test your knowledge on how nutrition can influence chronic disease management.

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