L9 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What do fat-soluble vitamins require for digestion and absorption?

Protein

Bile (correct)

Fiber

Water

Which of the following is NOT a function of Vitamin A?

Blood sugar regulation (correct)

Vision

Bone growth

Cell division

Where are excess fat-soluble vitamins primarily stored in the body?

Kidneys and lungs

Liver and adipose tissues (correct)

Pancreas and intestines

Muscles and bones

Which type of vitamin A is a precursor found in plant foods?

Beta-carotene Signup and view all the answers

What increases the risk of toxicity in fat-soluble vitamins?

Excessive storage in the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of antioxidants related to free radicals?

Safely interact and neutralize free radicals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding fat-soluble vitamins?

They require lymphatic transport after absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dietary form of Vitamin A?

Beta-dicarboxylic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of vitamin K deficiency?

Inadequate dietary intake Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about vitamin K toxicity is correct?

Consistent intake is recommended for best effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to secondary deficiency of vitamin K?

Prolonged use of antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

How is vitamin K primarily obtained in newborns?

Intramuscular injection at birth Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the synthesis of vitamin K is accurate?

Synthesis by intestinal bacteria is insufficient to meet needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of vitamin A deficiency in developing countries?

Risk of infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are directly associated with vitamin A deficiency?

Night blindness and xerophthalmia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin A in reproduction and growth?

Supports sperm development Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily caused by vitamin A deficiency?

Preventable blindness Signup and view all the answers

How does vitamin A toxicity commonly occur?

Binding proteins being overloaded Signup and view all the answers

Which population is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?

Children consuming high amounts of vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of retinol compared to carotenoids?

Retinol is more effective than carotenoids Signup and view all the answers

What effect does overconsumption of beta-carotene from supplements have?

It acts as a prooxidant Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role does vitamin A play in the integrity of mucous membranes?

Maintains mucous membrane health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of vitamin A?

Increased appetite regulation Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of vitamin D?

Cholecalciferol and Ergocalciferol Signup and view all the answers

What is the active form of vitamin D known as?

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency?

High consumption of fortified milk Signup and view all the answers

What potential health issue is most likely caused by vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common source of vitamin D?

Fatty fish Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of vitamin D toxicity?

Formation of kidney stones Signup and view all the answers

In addition to calcium, what other mineral absorption is assisted by vitamin D?

Phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the active form of vitamin D?

Maintaining bone health Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is most likely to have toxic effects when taken in excess?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin E in the body?

Serving as an antioxidant Signup and view all the answers

Which subgroup of vitamin E is predominantly maintained in the body?

Alpha-tocopherol Signup and view all the answers

What condition can vitamin E help prevent in premature infants?

Hemolytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of secondary vitamin E deficiency?

Fat malabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms can result from vitamin E deficiency?

Erythrocyte hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin E compared to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adults?

65 times greater than RDA Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect can extremely high doses of vitamin E have?

Interfere with blood-clotting activity of vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vitamin K in the body when exposed to light and alkalies?

Becomes destroyed Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are commonly fortified with vitamin D?

Dairy products and cereals Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of vitamin E as noted in its absorption?

Absorbed like fats Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basics of Human Nutrition

This is a course titled NUTR 202, part of the Department of Clinical Nutrition.
The course covers fundamental aspects of human nutrition, particularly fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Learning objectives include identifying vitamin types, functions, sources, and requirements.
Students will also learn about symptoms and diseases associated with deficiencies of discussed vitamins.

Learning Objectives

Students should be able to identify the types and functions of different vitamins.
Students should know at least two sources of each vitamin.
Understand the symptoms or diseases from vitamin deficiencies.

Introduction

Fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins.
They require bile for digestion/absorption.
They travel through the lymphatic system.
Excesses are stored in adipose tissues.
They are not readily excreted, increasing the risk of toxicity.
The answer to the question about fat-soluble vitamins is given in the form of bullet points.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants protect cells from free radicals.
Free radicals have an unpaired number of electrons.
These radicals form when oxygen interacts with molecules.
These form reactive molecules which can damage cells like DNA and membranes.
Antioxidants safely interact with free radicals, preventing cell damage.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A consists of retinoids.
Retinoids include retinol, retinal, retinoic acid and retinyl esters.
Functions include critical roles in vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, regulation of the immune system, and antioxidant activity.
A vitamin A precursor is Beta-carotene.
Animal forms of vitamin A are more effective than plant forms.
Vitamin A's role in vision involves light converting to electrical impulses.
The retina cells contain rhodopsin (a protein+retinal).
Light changes cis-retinal to trans-retinal which sends electrical signals to the brain.
Vitamin A's role in maintaining mucous membrane integrity is critical for healthy cells.
Reproduction and growth are also important functions of vitamin A.
It is important for sperm development, normal fetal development and growth.
Crucial for bone remodeling, too.
Vitamin A deficiency is prevalent in developing countries.
Deficiency can lead to increased risk of infectious diseases, causing night blindness/blindness (xerophthalmia).
Keratinization is a characteristic symptom when vitamin A is deficient.
This can block hair follicles causing white lumps or hyperkeratosis.
Vitamin A toxicity is possible with concentrated amounts from supplements.
It can damage cells, especially with high intakes.
Children are most vulnerable to this.
Vitamin A toxicity can lead to bone and birth defects.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D exists in two forms: cholecalciferol (animal) and ergocalciferol (plant).
Both forms need activation before functioning fully.
The active form of vitamin D is 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Vitamin D is stable and not easily oxidized.
It's not affected by storage, or processing of food.
Vitamin D is a hormone essential to making/maintaining bones.
It aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
Protects against cognitive decline in brain and nerve cells.
Vitamin D deficiency can be from dark skin, lack of breastfeeding, lack of sunlight exposure, or low consumption of fortified milk.
The likely deficiency associated with lack of Vitamin D is Calcium.
Rickets is a symptom of vitamin D deficiency.
This may cause bowed legs and beaded ribs.
Vitamin D toxicity is rare.
Excess amounts via supplements are dangerous.
Excess can raise blood calcium levels and form stones in soft tissues.
Excess vitamin D can harden vessels and lead to death.
The best sources of vitamin D are sunlight exposure, animal products (fatty fish and beef liver), and small amounts in dairy products.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E has two subgroups: tocopherols and tocotrienols.
Only alpha-tocopherol remains in the body.
Its main function is an antioxidant.
It is aided by vitamin C and selenium.
Transported in blood by lipoproteins.
It prevents hemolytic anemia in premature infants.
Its antioxidant properties are used commercially to prevent food spoilage.
Primary deficiency is rare. Secondary may be from fat malabsorption (like cystic fibrosis).
Deficiency can lead to splitting of red blood cells due to oxidized PUFAs—leading to anemia, neuromuscular dysfunction.
Muscle coordination, reflex effects, vision can be impaired.
Vitamin E Toxicity is rare. But high doses can interfere with vitamin K blood-clotting activity
Liver regulates Vitamin E levels.
The most significant sources are vegetable oils, seeds and nuts.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K consists of several compounds crucial for blood clotting.
It is destroyed by light and alkalis.
Absorbed from the small and slightly larger intestine—needs bile from the liver and fats in the diet.
Newborns are given a dose by intramuscular injection.
The blood-clotting process depends on several factors that use vitamin K.
Primary vitamin K deficiency is rare. Secondary can be from antibiotic use or bile production issues in the liver, sterilizing the gut
Insufficient dietary intake, or antibiotic use can lead to a deficiency.
Babies have sterile guts, so vitamin K is often given at birth due to this.
Vitamin K toxicity is not common and generally doesn't have adverse effects with high intakes, there is no UL.
High doses potentially reduce the effectiveness of blood thinners.
Good sources of vitamin K are green vegetables (collards, spinach, cabbage).
There is also vitamin K in vegetable oils like soybean and canola oils.

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Description

Test your knowledge on fat-soluble vitamins in the NUTR 202 course. This quiz covers types, functions, sources, and deficiency symptoms of these essential nutrients. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of human nutrition.