Basics of Human Nutrition PDF - NUTR 202
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Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Ms. Asia S. Jamal, RDN
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This document is a lecture presentation on Basics of Human Nutrition. It covers various aspects of fat-soluble vitamins and their roles in the body, including their functions, sources, and potential deficiencies. The document emphasizes information on Vitamine A, D, E and K.
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Basics of Human Nutrition NUTR 202 1 Fat soluble vitamins Ms. Asia S. Jamal, RDN Collaborator teacher, Clinical Nutrition Department Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 2 3 ...
Basics of Human Nutrition NUTR 202 1 Fat soluble vitamins Ms. Asia S. Jamal, RDN Collaborator teacher, Clinical Nutrition Department Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 2 3 Si Learning Objectives fat soluble ▪ For each vitamin type: ▪ List types, functions, sources, requirements. ▪ Identify at least two food sources of each of the vitamins discussed ▪ Identify some symptoms of, or diseases caused by deficiencies of the vitamins discussed Introduction Fat-soluble vitamins differ from Answer: 1. Bile water-soluble vitamins in that: 2. Lymphatic 3. Stored 1. They require for digestion and 4. Excreted; toxicity absorption. 2. They travel through the system. 3. Excesses are in the liver and adipose tissues. 4. They are not readily. This increases risk of. · /1 = = Antioxidants =-5) ▪ Antioxidants protect cells from free radicals. ▪ Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. ▪ Once formed, these highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction. ▪ When they react with important cellular components such as DNA or cell membranes, the most damage occurs. ▪ Antioxidants have the capability of safely interacting with free radicals and stopping the chain reaction before vital cells are damaged. 6 Vitamin A 7 Vitamin A from Good ▪ Vitamin A consists of two basic dietary forms: - ▪ Vitamin A is the name of a group of fat-soluble retinoids, including: ▪ Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinyl esters ▪ Functions: ▪ Play an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, and cell division. growth ▪ Helps regulate the immune system, which helps fight infections. ▪ An antioxidant &▪ Beta-carotene 8 Vitamin A ". **Animal-derived retinol more effective form than plant-derived carotenoids 9 Vitamin A S ▪ Vitamin A role in vision: S - - - plan. - 10 Vitamin A ▪ Vitamin A role in mucous membrane integrity: 11 Vitamin A inst ▪ Vitamin A role in reproduction and growth: Si Ja - Vitamin A is important for: 25% 1. ▪ Sperm development ▪ Normal fetal development ▪ Growth of children – Bone remodeling 12 Vitamin A deficiency ▪ Large problem in developing countries. ▪ Consequences of deficiency: 1. Risk of infectious diseases ▪ Severity of the illness correlates with the degree of vitamin A deficiency 2. Night blindness and blindness (xerophthalmia), · ▪ Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world & ▪ The cornea is affected · 13 Vitamin A deficiency - & 6 id & > - - 14 Vitamin A toxicity ▪ Develops when binding proteins are loaded ▪ Vitamin A is free to damage cells · ↑ ▪ Concentrated amounts of preformed vitamin A ▪ From animal sources, fortified foods, supplements ▪ Children most vulnerable · si ▪ Bone and birth defects ▪ Teratogenic normalgrowth ▪ Overconsumption of beta‐carotene from supplements → prooxidant -1 VN - wit. aufgox edit 15 Vitamin A sources * 16 Vitamin A recap & S I su EDA = 17 Vitamin D 18 Vitamin D ▪ Vitamin D has 2 forms: 6, 1. Cholecalciferol → animals De animal 2. Ergocalciferol → plants Da I * **These two forms of vitamin D are similar, and both must be activated before they can fully function. ▪ The active form of vitamin D → 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol ▪ Vitamin D is heat-stable & not easily oxidized. ▪ It is not harmed by storage, food processing, or cooking. Vitamin D ▪ Functions: ▪ The active form of vitamin D is a hormone. ▪ Vitamin D is essential for making and maintaining bones. ▪ Vitamin D assists in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. ▪ In brain and nerve cells, vitamin D may protect against cognitive decline. Vitamin D Synthesis and Activation ·S i & & - - I' S - - Vitamin D deficiency What factors could lead to vitamin D deficiency? ▪ Dark skin ▪ Breastfeeding without supplementation ▪ Lack of sunlight exposure ▪ Low consumption of fortified milk What deficiency is more likely due to vitamin D deficiency? Calcium for bone Rickets Vitamin D deficiency ⑧ TJ is - Loxicit Vitamin D Toxicity ▪ Most likely of the vitamins to have toxic effects (how??) – Supplements ▪ Raises blood calcium concentrations → Forms stones in soft tissues (where??) – Kidneys blood flow- ▪ May harden blood vessels ▪ Can cause death · Sosses 24 Vitamin D sources ▪ Best source → sunlight ▪ Animal products mostly in fatty fish (e.g. salmon), beef liver. ▪ Small amount in butter, cream, egg yolk. ▪ Some food fortified with vitamin D (diary products, infant formulas, cereal & margarine) 25 Vitamin D recap 8- egd - 26 Coffee Break.. 10 mins Vitamin E 28 Vitamin E ▪ Two subgroups: tocopherols and tocotrienol ▪ Only alpha-tocopherol maintained in the body ▪ Function: ▪ Antioxidant ▪ It is aided in this process by vitamin C and the mineral selenium. ▪ It is carried in the blood by lipoproteins. ▪ Prevents hemolytic anemia ▪ Vitamin E has been found helpful in the prevention of hemolytic anemia among premature infants. ▪ Improves immune system ▪ Because of its antioxidant properties, it is commonly used in commercial food products to retard spoilage. Vitamin E Deficiency - - -x0 ▪ Primary deficiency is rare , * : ▪ Secondary deficiency - J, ▪ Fat malabsorption, e.g., cystic fibrosis = ▪ Effects of the deficiency? ▪ Red blood cells split as PUFAs become oxidized - ▪ Erythrocyte hemolysis- in ▪ Neuromuscular dysfunction - - ▪ Loss of muscle coordination and ref lexes and impaired vision and speech - 5- 3 , existines Vitamin E Toxicity LoxicI ▪ Liver regulates vitamin E concentrations 805. Liver ▪ Toxicity is rare &oS and adobetes ▪ UL is 65 times greater than RDA for adults ▪ Extremely high doses of vitamin E ▪ May interfere with blood-clotting of vitamin K activity s ▪ Hemorrhage 6 , - Vitamin E sources Vitamin E recap - 68 33 Vitamin K 34 Vitamin K ▪ Made up of several compounds that are essential to blood clotting. ▪ Destroyed by light & alkalies. ▪ Absorbed like fats, mainly from the small intestine & slightly from colon. ▪ Its absorption requires a normal flow of bile from the liver, and it is improved when there is fat in the diet. ▪ In newborns, a single dose of vitamin K is given at birth by intramuscular injection. 35 36 2158 Blood-Clotting Process gorg - anteybrogens s S # - > "I 36 Vitamin K Deficiency - Primary deficiency Inadequate dietary intake. Is rare Antibiotics kill off vitamin K- Secondary deficiency producing bacteria If bile production fails - ⑤ Sterile gut, no vitamin K- Infants producing bacteria Vitamin K Toxicity Not common – No adverse effects with high intakes No UL High doses can reduce effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs - –&Consistent intake of vitamin K is best - ↳ wil & -641109 4 , Vitamin K sources Explain the non-food source of vitamin K and comment on its sufficiency. & Synthesized by intestinal bacteria. However, amount is insufficient to meet needs, and - - bioavailability is limited. Vitamin K recap - 40 objective e References Eleanor Noss Whitney and Sharon Rady Rolfes (2019). Understanding nutrition. 15th ed. Belmont, Ca. ; Toronto: Thomson Wadsworth, pp.333–352. 42 Thank you Any Questions? 43