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Questions and Answers
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
- Vitamin C, Folate, Biotin, Vitamin B-12
- Beta-Caroline, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin C, Vitamin B-12
- Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K (correct)
- Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6
Which vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
Which vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
- Beta-Caroline, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin C, Vitamin B-12
- Vitamin C, Folate, Biotin, Vitamin B-12
- Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
- B vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Pantothenic acid, Folate, Biotin, Vitamin B-12, Vitamin C (correct)
What are some functions of vitamins important to health?
What are some functions of vitamins important to health?
- Stimulate nerve function, Detoxify the liver, Enhance vision, Regulate body temperature
- Produce hormones, Aid in digestion, Maintain bone density, Transport oxygen
- Synthesize carbohydrates, Store energy, Build muscle, Regulate blood pressure
- Regulate body processes, RBC formation, Immune function, Antioxidant defense (correct)
What are the general characteristics of vitamins?
What are the general characteristics of vitamins?
What are the factors influencing calcium absorption?
What are the factors influencing calcium absorption?
What triggers the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
What triggers the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
At what age is peak bone mass achieved?
At what age is peak bone mass achieved?
What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?
What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?
What are water's key functions in human health?
What are water's key functions in human health?
How is water balance regulated in the body?
How is water balance regulated in the body?
What stimulates kidneys to conserve water?
What stimulates kidneys to conserve water?
What are signs of water toxicity?
What are signs of water toxicity?
What is hyponatremia?
What is hyponatremia?
What are common signs of dehydration?
What are common signs of dehydration?
Which type of vitamins are easily absorbed and excreted, and need to be consumed regularly to prevent deficiency?
Which type of vitamins are easily absorbed and excreted, and need to be consumed regularly to prevent deficiency?
Which vitamin is crucial for the production of blood-clotting factors and is found in dark leafy greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and asparagus?
Which vitamin is crucial for the production of blood-clotting factors and is found in dark leafy greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and asparagus?
Which vitamin is important for bone health, the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic disease, and is found in animal foods, plant foods, and is produced in the skin with UV exposure?
Which vitamin is important for bone health, the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic disease, and is found in animal foods, plant foods, and is produced in the skin with UV exposure?
Which vitamin functions as an antioxidant and is found in seeds, with deficiency being rare and toxicity not commonly from foods?
Which vitamin functions as an antioxidant and is found in seeds, with deficiency being rare and toxicity not commonly from foods?
What do antioxidants do to protect cells?
What do antioxidants do to protect cells?
What is vitamin bioavailability?
What is vitamin bioavailability?
What factors influence the bioavailability of vitamins?
What factors influence the bioavailability of vitamins?
Which cooking methods help conserve vitamins in vegetables?
Which cooking methods help conserve vitamins in vegetables?
Which type of vitamins are concentrated and stored in tissues, with toxicity and deficiencies being concerns?
Which type of vitamins are concentrated and stored in tissues, with toxicity and deficiencies being concerns?
What is the role of enrichment in relation to vitamins?
What is the role of enrichment in relation to vitamins?
What is the common role of all B-vitamins?
What is the common role of all B-vitamins?
Which vitamin is essential for vision, reproduction, cellular growth, and the immune system and is found in animal and plant sources?
Which vitamin is essential for vision, reproduction, cellular growth, and the immune system and is found in animal and plant sources?
What is the healthy body fat percentage range for men?
What is the healthy body fat percentage range for men?
What can waist circumference assess in terms of obesity?
What can waist circumference assess in terms of obesity?
Which shape is more likely in males as an indication of central obesity?
Which shape is more likely in males as an indication of central obesity?
What does energy balance dictate?
What does energy balance dictate?
What are the four components of energy output?
What are the four components of energy output?
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
What factors can increase BMR?
What factors can increase BMR?
How is BMR calculated?
How is BMR calculated?
What contributes to 5-10% of total energy output and refers to the energy required to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients?
What contributes to 5-10% of total energy output and refers to the energy required to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients?
What does NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) include?
What does NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) include?
What factors influence energy expenditure during physical activity?
What factors influence energy expenditure during physical activity?
What are the factors influencing body weight according to the text?
What are the factors influencing body weight according to the text?
Which vitamin is associated with classic signs of ariboflavinosis, including glossitis, cheilosis, skin rash, confusion, and headaches?
Which vitamin is associated with classic signs of ariboflavinosis, including glossitis, cheilosis, skin rash, confusion, and headaches?
What is the recommended daily intake of folate for women of childbearing potential?
What is the recommended daily intake of folate for women of childbearing potential?
Which population is at risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency, leading to megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and nerve damage?
Which population is at risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency, leading to megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and nerve damage?
What is a potential concern associated with excessive folate intake?
What is a potential concern associated with excessive folate intake?
Which vitamin is essential for the maintenance of myelin sheaths and is associated with potential deficiencies in the elderly due to decreased absorption?
Which vitamin is essential for the maintenance of myelin sheaths and is associated with potential deficiencies in the elderly due to decreased absorption?
High doses of which vitamin are used for treating high cholesterol, with potential toxicity concerns including flushing of the skin and gastrointestinal upset?
High doses of which vitamin are used for treating high cholesterol, with potential toxicity concerns including flushing of the skin and gastrointestinal upset?
Which vitamin is associated with the coenzymes for cellular processes, folate and homocysteine metabolism, and the maintenance of myelin sheaths?
Which vitamin is associated with the coenzymes for cellular processes, folate and homocysteine metabolism, and the maintenance of myelin sheaths?
What vitamin deficiency is associated with scurvy, a condition characterized by weakness, anemia, bruising, and bleeding gums?
What vitamin deficiency is associated with scurvy, a condition characterized by weakness, anemia, bruising, and bleeding gums?
Which vitamin is important for energy metabolism and is associated with deficiencies leading to pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia?
Which vitamin is important for energy metabolism and is associated with deficiencies leading to pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia?
Which vitamin is associated with coenzyme THFA, DNA synthesis, and homocysteine metabolism?
Which vitamin is associated with coenzyme THFA, DNA synthesis, and homocysteine metabolism?
What vitamin deficiency is associated with beriberi, a condition characterized by nerve damage, weakness, and fatigue?
What vitamin deficiency is associated with beriberi, a condition characterized by nerve damage, weakness, and fatigue?
What is a classic sign of ariboflavinosis, a condition associated with a deficiency in a specific vitamin?
What is a classic sign of ariboflavinosis, a condition associated with a deficiency in a specific vitamin?
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Study Notes
Understanding Body Weight and Weight Management
- Healthy body fat percentages for males and females vary: 13-21% for men and 23-31% for women.
- Waist circumference can assess android obesity, indicating extra fat in the abdominal area, which increases disease risk.
- Males are more likely to have an "apple" shape (central obesity) while females are more likely to have a "pear" shape (lower body obesity).
- Energy balance dictates that if energy intake equals energy expenditure, a person should maintain their body weight.
- The four components of energy output are basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum energy the body uses for vital activities at complete rest.
- Factors increasing BMR include growth, very low-calorie diets, exercise, and stimulant drugs, while aging and insufficient thyroid hormone decrease BMR.
- BMR can be calculated using specific formulas based on gender and body weight.
- Factors influencing energy expenditure during physical activity include the type, duration, intensity, and the person's weight.
- The thermic effect of food contributes to 5-10% of total energy output and refers to the energy required to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients.
- NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) includes involuntary skeletal muscle activities like fidgeting, shivering, and body posture.
- Factors influencing body weight include internal factors (genes, hormones), individual factors (food, psychology, exercise, stress), community factors (supports, beliefs), local factors (food economy, health systems), and global factors (chemical waste, global food economy).
Vitamins and Minerals: Functions and Deficiencies
- Key vitamins in energy metabolism: Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B-6
- Deficiencies and symptoms: Scurvy (Vitamin C), Beriberi (Thiamin), Pellagra (Niacin), Neural tube defects (Folate), Megaloblastic anemia (Folate, B-12), Pernicious anemia (B-12), nerve damage (B-12)
- Classic signs of ariboflavinosis: Glossitis, Cheilosis, Skin rash, Confusion, headaches
- High doses of niacin: Used for treating high cholesterol, potential toxicity concerns include flushing of skin, GI upset
- Functions of folate: Coenzyme THFA, DNA synthesis, Homocysteine metabolism
- Healthcare facilities testing for blood homocysteine levels: Checks for B-12 or folate deficiency
- Food sources of folate: Papaya, beef liver, Broccoli, Asparagus, grains
- Folate intake for women of childbearing potential: 400 mug/day
- Concerns with excessive folate intake: May stimulate cancer cell growth, "masks" vitamin B-12 deficiency
- Importance of vitamin B-12: Coenzymes for cellular processes, folate and homocysteine metabolism, maintenance of myelin sheaths
- B-12 absorption and levels: Requires intrinsic factors secreted in the stomach, levels decrease with age
- Populations at risk for B-12 deficiency: Vegans, Elderly, Gastritis, leading to megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, nerve damage
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