Nursing Techniques and Procedures Quiz

The insertion of a nasogastric tube is done with the patient in a sitting position with their neck flexed. This position helps to straighten the path of the tube.

e-FAST stands for Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma. It is a rapid ultrasound examination used to assess for traumatic injury in the abdomen and chest. It focuses on the pericardial space, liver, spleen, and pelvic area. Two additional areas, the left and right thoracic cavities, are also examined in e-FAST.

Prophylactic antibiotics are administered 60 minutes before a surgical incision to minimize the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs). This timing allows for adequate antibiotic levels in the body before the surgery starts.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess a patient's level of consciousness. It scores three areas: Eye Opening (E), Verbal Response (V), and Motor Response (M). Each area is scored from 1-5, with a total score of 3-15. A GCS score of 10 indicates that the patient has eye opening to pain, is confused, and has a flexion response to pain.

Class III Hemorrhagic Shock involves a blood loss of 30 - 40%. This stage is characterized by significant signs of shock, including decreased blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and weak pulses.

The Parkland Formula is used to calculate the amount of fluid needed in the first 24 hours for burn patients. The formula is: Fluid (mL) = 4 x weight (kg) x % burn area. For a 50kg patient with 40% burns, the fluid requirement in the first 8 hours would be 4 x 50 x 40 = 8000 mL, or 8L.

Cutting needles, characterized by a triangular point, are typically used for suturing skin due to their sharp cutting edge that allows the needle to pass through thick tissue with minimal force.

The best indicator of a patient's response to shock management is the urine output. Sufficient urine production reflects adequate fluid resuscitation and organ perfusion.

In a hemodynamically stable patient with blunt abdominal trauma, a CT scan of the abdomen is the investigation of choice. This allows for detailed visualization of internal organs and detection of potential injuries.

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure that involves inserting a feeding tube into the stomach through the skin. This technique is used to provide nutritional support to patients who are unable to eat normally.

Killian's dehiscence is a point of weakness in the esophagus located just below the inferior constrictor muscle. This area is prone to herniation and dysphagia.

Ranula, which is a mucocele in the floor of the mouth, is best managed by surgical excision of the sublingual gland. This procedure removes the source of the mucus accumulation, thereby addressing the ranula.

Medullary thyroid cancer arises from the Parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. These cells produce calcitonin, a hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) is a procedure used to diagnose various thyroid lesions. However, it is not as reliable in diagnosing follicular cancer, which requires further histological examination.

Warthin's tumor, also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign tumor that primarily arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by epithelial cells and lymphoid tissue.

The external branch of the laryngeal nerve (ELN) is the most commonly injured nerve during thyroid surgery. This nerve is located in close proximity to the thyroid gland and is vulnerable to damage during surgical dissection.

Breast cancer is staged based on the size of the tumor and the involvement of lymph nodes. A 3cm tumor with 4 axillary lymph nodes falls under Stage II breast cancer.

Peau d'orange in breast cancer is caused by the infiltration of subdermal lymphatics by cancer cells. This infiltration leads to thickening and dimpling of the skin, resembling the texture of an orange peel.

Sentinel node biopsy, a procedure used to determine if breast cancer has spread to lymph nodes, requires the injection of dye ideally in the peritumoral area. This allows for the identification of the sentinel lymph node, which is the first lymph node to receive drainage from the tumor.

The mammography image shows a fibroadenoma, a benign tumor of the breast that is characterized by a well-defined, round mass with a smooth margin. Fibroadenomas are typically firm and mobile.

pH metry is not typically included in cancer esophagus evaluation. Other investigations include biopsy, CT chest, and PET scan.

Gastric outlet obstruction can lead to hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. This occurs because the stomach loses hydrochloric acid (HCl) due to the blockage, leading to a decrease in blood chloride levels and a rise in pH.

Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis typically presents in infants around 4 weeks of age. It is characterized by overgrowth of the pyloric muscle, which causes obstruction to the flow of food from the stomach into the small intestine.

Achalasia Cardia is characterized by increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, absence of normal peristalsis in the esophagus, and proximal dilatation of the esophagus. It is important to note that achalasia cardia has a risk of developing into cancer.

Boerhaave syndrome is a medical emergency that involves a spontaneous rupture of the esophagus. This can occur during forceful vomiting or straining, leading to leakage of gastric contents into the chest cavity, which can cause serious complications.

The Barium enema image shows an intussusception, a condition in which a portion of the intestine telescopes into the adjacent segment. This can cause obstruction and severe abdominal pain.

The ultrasound image is consistent with acute appendicitis, an inflammation of the appendix. This is often characterized by right lower abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting.

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract. It is characterized by skip lesions (areas of inflammation interspersed with normal tissue), aphthous ulcers, fistula formation, and strictures, but the disease can reoccur even after surgery.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus is best managed with chemoradiation therapy, a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This approach aims to effectively destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.

Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine tumors that originate from Kulchitsky cells. They are typically slow-growing and often secrete hormones, such as serotonin, but they do not always present with paroxysmal hypertension. A punch biopsy is not the preferred diagnostic tool for carcinoid tumors.

Hyperplastic polyps are the least likely to turn malignant compared to other polyp types, such as inflammatory polyps, hamartomatous polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) polyps. These are typically small and are not considered precancerous lesions.

The stomach is the most common location for lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract. This type of cancer affects the lymphatic system and can spread to other organs.

Femoral hernias are more common in women, particularly those who have had multiple pregnancies (multiparous women). Lockwood's infrainguinal approach is a surgical technique used to repair a femoral hernia. A cough impulse is usually present in femoral hernias, and they have a high risk of strangulation.

Littre's hernia occurs when a Meckel's diverticulum, a small pouch of tissue in the small intestine, protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal wall.

In the Nyhus classification system, Type 3A refers to direct inguinal hernias. These occur when the hernial sac protrudes through the transversalis fascia but does not enter the inguinal canal.

Hemorrhage is the most common immediate complication following splenectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the spleen. This is due to the spleen's rich blood supply and the potential for postoperative bleeding.

In a 6-year-old girl presenting with fever, rigors, and right hypochondrium pain, a contrast-enhanced CT scan is the best investigation. This allows for detailed visualization of the liver and surrounding structures, enabling the diagnosis of abscesses.

ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure that involves inserting a scope into the digestive system to visualize the bile ducts and pancreas. It is used to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as gallstones and pancreatitis.

The ultrasound image shows gallstones, solid deposits that form in the gallbladder. These stones can cause pain, inflammation, and other complications, such as cholecystitis.

Pringle's maneuver is a technique used to control bleeding during liver surgery by temporarily clamping the hepatic artery. This reduces blood flow to the liver, allowing for a safer surgical procedure.

The severity of acute pancreatitis is assessed using the Ranson score. This scoring system takes into account several clinical and laboratory parameters, including blood glucose levels, white blood cell count, and serum enzyme levels, to determine the likelihood of complications.

In cases of Annular Pancreas, a condition where the pancreas encircles the duodenum, the surgery of choice is a duodeno-duodenostomy. This procedure involves creating an anastomosis between the two segments of the duodenum, bypassing the obstructed area.

For a 3cm stone in the renal pelvis without hydronephrosis, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the best treatment. This procedure involves making a small incision in the back and using a scope to remove the stone.

Following a TURP procedure (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate), a patient developing seizures post-operatively is likely experiencing water intoxication. This can occur due to excessive fluid absorption during the surgery.

Bell Clapper testis is a condition where the tunica vaginalis, the membrane that surrounds the testicle, is abnormally loose, making the testicle more susceptible to torsion. This condition can lead to a twisting of the spermatic cord, restricting blood flow to the testicle.

Chordee is a condition where the penis is bent or curved due to a fibrous band located on the underside of the penis. It is often associated with hypospadias, a condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis.

Neuralgia, or nerve pain, is the most common complication of stripping varicose veins below the knee. This occurs due to the potential damage to surrounding nerves during the stripping procedure.

Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins in the extremities, typically in the legs and arms. It is not known to cause hypohidrosis (decreased sweating), although it can cause nerve involvement and superficial thrombophlebitis.

A xenograft is a transplant of tissue or organs between different species (e.g., from a pig to a human). This type of transplant is often used in research, but it is not typically used in clinical settings due to the risk of rejection.

Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that arise from the Rathke's pouch, a structure that develops into the anterior pituitary gland. These tumors can press on the pituitary gland and can cause a variety of symptoms.