Nursing Research Design Overview
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What is the primary focus of experimental research?

  • Identifying cause-and-effect relationships (correct)
  • Describing the characteristics of a population
  • Measuring participants' opinions on a topic
  • Establishing correlations between variables

    • Which of the following best describes external validity?

  • The ethical considerations in conducting research
  • The reliability of the measurement tools used
  • The ability to generalize study results to other populations (correct)
  • The control over extraneous variables in an experiment

    • What is typically decreased when a researcher prioritizes internal validity?

  • The clarity of the research questions
  • The generalizability of the study findings (correct)
  • The degree of control over independent variables
  • The reliability of data collected

    • What does manipulation of the independent variable in an experiment involve?

    <p>Controlling the conditions under which treatment is applied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which threat to internal validity arises from differences among subjects before the intervention?

    <p>Selection Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of controlled experiments?

    <p>They involve the manipulation of variables by researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might extraneous variables in an experimental study lead to?

    <p>Confounding of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must researchers often balance when designing an experiment?

    <p>Internal validity and external validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of true experimental designs?

    <p>The researcher manipulates the experimental variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential threat to the internal validity of a study?

    <p>Placebo effects influencing outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the comparison group in experimental research?

    <p>To not be exposed to the experimental treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using ANCOVA in a study?

    <p>To control for differences that could have existed between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a study as experimental?

    <p>The purpose is to test the effects of an intervention with random group assignments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a placebo in a research study?

    <p>An intervention that is presumed to have no therapeutic value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can pretest scores affect the interpretation of posttest results in experimental research?

    <p>They can adjust for initial differences between groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a quasi-experimental design?

    <p>A study comparing two different interventions on random subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'attention control condition' refer to in research?

    <p>A group that receives attention but not the active intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant threat to internal validity in quasi-experimental designs?

    <p>Changes in participants due to external events over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having groups that are not equivalent before the intervention?

    <p>Statistical adjustments can be made to control for initial differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a quasi-experimental design, what is typically missing?

    <p>Random assignment of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about internal validity is accurate?

    <p>Changes in instrumentation can affect internal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does random assignment in research help to achieve?

    <p>It helps ensure that groups are comparable at the start of the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using questionnaires in survey research?

    <p>They can gather large amounts of data quickly and at minimal cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'intact groups' in the context of quasi-experimental designs?

    <p>Pre-existing groups that are not randomly assigned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a time series design?

    <p>Repeated observations of subjects with an intervention occurring between observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of self-report responses in surveys?

    <p>Respondents often provide socially acceptable answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical relationship indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases?

    <p>Direct relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correlation coefficient is often referred to as Pearson r?

    <p>Pearson's product-moment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of correlational studies regarding variable identification?

    <p>Independent and dependent variables may not be appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative relationship between two variables imply?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes one of the disadvantages of survey research?

    <p>Survey research does not provide persuasive evidence for causal inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a situation that correlational research might study?

    <p>The correlation between temperature and ice cream sales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study examines an effect and looks back in time to determine the cause?

    <p>Retrospective study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation coefficient of 0 signify?

    <p>No relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a prospective study, when is the independent variable identified?

    <p>At the present time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers be cautious of in longitudinal studies?

    <p>Attrition of participants over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about experimental studies?

    <p>They are inherently prospective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation coefficient of -0.80 indicate?

    <p>Strong negative correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study collects data over long periods but does not necessarily follow a prospective design?

    <p>Longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of retrospective studies?

    <p>They analyze data that has already been collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of correlational studies?

    <p>To examine the strength of relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation indicate in a correlational study?

    <p>The extent to which variable X is related to variable Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of correlational studies?

    <p>They do not take self-selection bias into account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a simple correlational study typically conducted?

    <p>By measuring one group of subjects on two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the statement 'correlation does not prove causation' imply?

    <p>Correlations merely suggest relationships without establishing them as causal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies investigate the relationship where the dependent variable is identified in the present?

    <p>Retrospective studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates correlational studies from comparative studies?

    <p>Correlational studies examine relationships between variables while comparative studies assess differences between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a correlational study, what do the magnitude and direction of the correlation tell us?

    <p>The nature of the relationship and whether it is positive or negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nursing Research Design

    • Nursing research designs are structured plans for obtaining answers to research questions. Quantitative designs aim for minimal bias through strict control, while qualitative designs explore complex phenomena.

    Selecting a Research Design

    • The overall plan for research is crucial, outlining how answers will be found.
    • Quantitative designs are structured and controlled, aiming to minimize bias.

    Intervention Protocols

    • Intervention protocols, in experimental research, detail the specifics of the intervention (e.g., administration, duration).
    • Intervention descriptions should explain its purpose and rationale for antibiotic use.
    • Detail the project's administration and who or what is ultimately responsible for carrying it out.

    Delivery Methods

    • Delivery methods describe how interventions are implemented (e.g., in person, online, combination).

    Target Audience

    • Clearly defined target populations include demographics and specific characteristics.
    • Recruitment and selection criteria need to be explained.

    Intervention Components

    • Key components of educational campaigns, including materials, workshops, and events, need to be detailed.

    Identifying the Population

    • Quantitative research requires precise identification of participant traits for study.
    • The population, a key element, consists of all individuals with shared characteristics, relevant to the specific study (P in PICO).

    PICO Questions

    • Examples of PICO questions for antibiotic use:
      • Demographic and health status of the target population in Plaridel, Bulacan?
      • Impact of the stewardship program?
      • Knowledge, practices, and attitudes about antibiotic use?

    Experimental Design

    • Experimental research focuses on cause-and-effect relationships.
    • Researchers manipulate the independent variable (cause) to measure the dependent variable (effect) for evidence of causality.

    External Validity

    • External validity measures the extent to which results can be generalized to other people and settings.
    • With what confidence can findings from a sample represent the broader population?

    Internal Validity

    • Internal validity assesses if changes in the dependent variable (effect) are truly due to the independent variable (cause).
    • Threats to internal validity, such as selection bias, history, and maturation, are discussed to enhance the study's reliability.

    Threats to External Validity

    • Factors, such as the Hawthorne effect or experimenter effect, might affect the generalizability of study results to other populations.
    • The Hawthorne effect reflects participants' awareness of being observed, potentially influencing their behaviors.

    Symbolic Presentation of Research Designs

    • Campbell and Stanley's notation scheme for research design highlights the relationships between the elements of a study ( e.g., R denotes random assignment).

    Types of Experimental Designs

    • True experimental designs have high control over research situations (e.g., pretest-posttest control group, posttest-only control group).
    • Quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment, limiting causal inferences (e.g., nonequivalent control group design, time series design).

    Pre-experimental Designs

    • Weakest experimental designs, offering limited control over research situations. (e.g., one-shot case study, one-group pretest-posttest).

    Nonexperimental Designs

    • Observational designs, often used for cause-and-effect studies due to ethical constraints.
      • Surveys collect self-reported data to describe populations.
      • Correlational studies examine relationships between variables without manipulation (e.g., retrospective, prospective, comparative designs).

    Qualitative Research Designs

    • Phenomenology: Seeks to describe lived experiences and their essence.
    • Ethnography explores cultural meanings and knowledge through intensive fieldwork.
    • Grounded theory uses data to develop new theories rather than testing existing ones.
    • Case studies provide detailed descriptions of specific individuals, groups or phenomena.
    • Narrative analyses focus on stories as primary data to understand life experiences.

    Historical Research

    • Examines the past to understand current events and processes.

    Time Dimension in Research Designs

    • Cross-sectional designs compare groups at a single time point.
    • Longitudinal designs collect data over an extended period observing changes over time.

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    Related Documents

    NCM 111-A Nursing Research 1 (Lecture) PDF

    Description

    Explore the key elements of nursing research design, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. Understand the importance of selecting the right research design and learn about intervention protocols and delivery methods tailored for specific target populations.

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