38 Questions
What is the outcome of quantitative research?
Confirmation of hypotheses
What is the primary role of qualitative research?
To explore phenomena and related factors
What is the main feature of non-experimental research design?
No control or manipulation
What is the purpose of univariant descriptive design?
To describe characteristics
What is the purpose of exploratory descriptive design?
To investigate phenomena and related factors
What is the purpose of comparative descriptive design?
To compare occurrences of a phenomenon in two or more groups
What is the primary goal of qualitative research design?
To explore and identify factors
What is a key feature of non-experimental research design?
Studies undertaken in natural settings without control or manipulation
What is the primary function of a research design in a research study?
To make decisions regarding what, where, when, how much and by what means a research study will be conducted
What is the definition of research design?
A blueprint to conduct a research study
What is the role of quantitative research design?
To quantify data and generalize results from sample to population
What are the two broad approaches of research design?
Quantitative and qualitative research designs
What is an element of research design?
Method of data analysis
What is the purpose of data collection in a research study?
To answer a specific research question or test a research hypothesis
What is the characteristic of a quantitative research design?
Uses a structured approach to data collection
What is the outcome of a research study that uses a quantitative research design?
Quantitative data
What is observation defined as in the context of data collection?
A way of gathering data by watching behavior or noting physical characteristics
What is an advantage of observation in data collection?
It provides access to situations and people where questionnaires are impossible to use
What is a disadvantage of observation in data collection?
It is dependent on the role of the researcher
What is interviewing defined as in the context of data collection?
A way of gathering data by asking people questions and following up or probing their answers
What is an advantage of interviewing in data collection?
It enables the researcher to establish rapport and gain cooperation
What is a type of questionnaire?
Closed-ended questionnaire
What is an advantage of questionnaire in data collection?
The researchers have close contact with respondents
What is a disadvantage of questionnaire in data collection?
It is difficult to explain difficult questions to respondents
What is the primary focus of correlational design?
Examining the relationship between two or more variables
What is the primary purpose of data analysis in research?
To describe, illustrate, and evaluate data
What is the main difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal design?
The time frame of the study
What is a key principle of quantitative data analysis?
Organizing findings in charts and tables
What is the primary goal of survey research design?
To describe a population on some variables of interest
What is one of the main goals of data analysis?
To identify relationships between variables
What is the purpose of data collection in research?
To answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes
What is data analysis, according to the researcher?
The process of systematically applying statistical techniques
What is epidemiological design primarily concerned with?
Investigating the distribution and causes of disease in a population
What does the researcher do after identifying key patterns and features?
Offers interpretation or explanation of the findings
What is the main advantage of longitudinal design?
It enables the examination of the phenomenon over time
What is the final step in the data analysis process?
Writing the final research report
What is the primary characteristic of correlational design?
It examines the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting
What is the purpose of case-control studies in epidemiological design?
To identify the causes of disease in a population
Study Notes
Research Design
- Research design is a blueprint to conduct a research study, involving the description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling technique, method of data collection, and data analysis to answer a specific research question or test a research hypothesis.
Elements of Research Design
- Approach (qualitative or quantitative)
- Population, sample, and sampling technique
- Method of data collection
- Tools and methods of data collection
- Time and place of data collection
- Method of data analysis
Types of Research Design
- Quantitative research design:
- Role: to quantify data and generalize results from sample to population
- Facilitates examination of large number of representative cases
- Structured approach to data collection
- Enables extensive statistical analysis
- Outcome: confirmation of hypotheses
- Qualitative research design:
- Role: to search for academic, trade, and professional literature
- Outcome: improvement of conceptualization
Non-Experimental Research Design
- Descriptive research design:
- Accurate description of characteristics of individuals within a certain phenomenon
- Occurs in natural setting without imposing any control or manipulation
- Univariant descriptive design: studies undertaken to describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon
- Exploratory descriptive design: investigates the phenomenon and its related factors
- Comparative descriptive design: compares occurrences of a phenomenon in two or more groups
Correlational Research Design
- Examines the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation or control
Developmental Research Design
- Cross-sectional design: examines the phenomenon only at one point in time
- Longitudinal design: examines the phenomenon at more than one point in time
Epidemiological Research Design
- Investigates the distribution and causes of disease in a population
Survey Research Design
- Collects self-reported data from a sample with the purpose of describing population on some variables of interest
Data Collection
- Is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables
- Enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes
- Methods of data collection:
- Observation
- Interviewing
- Questionnaire
Methods of Data Collection
- Observation:
- Advantages: access to situation and people, good for explaining meaning, can be strong on validity and in-depth understanding
- Disadvantages: time-consuming, depend on the role of researcher, high potential for role conflict
- Interviewing:
- Advantages: less time-consuming, less expensive, enables the researcher to establish rapport and gain cooperation
- Disadvantages: sample may be biased, impractical when large sample involved
- Questionnaire:
- Advantages: the researcher has close contact with respondents, useful for the researcher, easy and simple
- Disadvantages: expensive, time-consuming, lack of skilled respondents, errors may occur due to misunderstanding
Data Analysis
- Is the process of systematically applying statistical techniques to describe, illustrate, and evaluate data
- Purpose: to describe and summarize the data, identify relationships between variables, compare variables, identify the difference between variables
Principles of Quantitative Data Analysis
- Findings are grouped together in rows and columns
- The researcher looks for particular trends, pattern, and relationship between variables
- The researcher presents the findings in a series of charts or tables
- The researcher offers interpretation or explanation of the findings and writes the final research report to communicate the findings which address the research question
Learn about the fundamentals of research design, elements, and types, as well as methods of data collection and principles of data analysis. This quiz is based on the lecture notes of Dr. Ahmed Mekdad, Lecturer of Critical Care Nursing.
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