Nursing Quiz on Urinary and Gastrointestinal Tracts

Urinary and Gastrointestinal Tracts

• Components of the urinary tract include kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; their primary function is waste elimination and regulation of body fluids.
• Components of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract include mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; their main role is digestion and nutrient absorption.
• Advanced age can lead to decreased renal function, atrophy of GI lining, and altered peristalsis, affecting both systems.

Right of Delegation

• Refers to a nurse’s authority to assign specific tasks to other licensed or unlicensed personnel.
• Important to ensure tasks align with the skill level of the person being delegated and within the nurse’s scope of practice.

Urinary Incontinence

• Types include urge incontinence (sudden urges), stress incontinence (leakage when coughing/sneezing), overflow incontinence (incomplete bladder emptying), and functional incontinence (unable to reach the toilet).

Alterations to Bowel Elimination

• Ulcerative colitis involves inflammation of the colon, causing symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain.
• Diverticulitis results from inflamed pouches in the colon, presenting with pain and digestive disturbances.
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) leads to abdominal discomfort, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
• Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the GI tract, leading to severe diarrhea and malnutrition.

Priority Setting Frameworks

• Survival Potential evaluates the urgency of care based on patient survival chances.
• ABCDE framework prioritizes airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure.
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs outlines basic human needs that must be met for well-being.
• Safety and Risk Reduction focuses on minimizing harm while providing care.
• Least Restrictive/Least Invasive approach emphasizes using the minimal level of intervention needed.

Hand Hygiene

• Proper technique includes washing for at least 20 seconds, ensuring all surfaces of hands are covered.
• Essential to reduce the spread of infections; hands must be washed before and after patient contact, after handling materials, and after bathroom use.
• Soap and water should be used when hands are visibly soiled; alcohol-based sanitizers are effective when hands are not visibly dirty.

Nursing Process Steps

• Assessment involves gathering comprehensive patient data.
• Diagnosis identifies health issues based on assessments.
• Planning sets realistic goals and outcomes.
• Implementation involves executing care plans and interventions.
• Evaluation assesses if goals have been met; adjustments are made as needed.

The Joint Commission

• A non-profit organization that accredits healthcare organizations and programs in the United States.
• Focuses on quality of care, safety standards, and performance improvement in healthcare institutions.

Diagnostic Testing

• Fecal occult blood test detects hidden blood in stool; used for colon cancer screening.
• Stool culture identifies bacterial infections in the GI tract.
• Urinalysis examines urine for various substances; cultures assess for urinary infections.
• 24-hour urine collection quantifies substances for kidney function evaluation.
• False positives can arise from certain medications or food intake, e.g., beets for fecal occult blood tests.

Risk Factors for Constipation and Diarrhea

• Medications such as opioids can lead to constipation, while antibiotics may cause diarrhea.
• Poor dietary choices, low fiber intake, and dehydration are significant influences on bowel regularity.

Objective vs. Subjective Data

• Objective data is measurable and observable (e.g., vital signs, lab results).
• Subjective data stems from patient reports and feelings (e.g., pain level, feelings of fatigue).

Hospital-Acquired Infections

• Infections acquired during hospital stays that were not present at admission can lead to prolonged hospital stays and increased morbidity.

Scope and Standards of Practice for Nursing

• Defines the responsibilities and duties of nurses to ensure safe and effective patient care.
• Integrates evidence-based guidelines and ethical considerations into nursing practice.

Historical Nursing Leaders

• Dorothea Dix advocated for mental health reform and proper treatment of the mentally ill.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross and was instrumental in disaster relief.
• Florence Nightingale pioneered nursing practices and established sanitation in healthcare.
• Ildaura Murillo-Rohde focused on nursing education and cultural competency.

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

• Symptoms include dry mouth, decreased skin turgor, fatigue, confusion, and low urine output.

Risk Factors for Urinary Retention

• Obstruction (e.g., enlarged prostate), medications (e.g., anticholinergics), and neurological disorders can increase the risk.

Indwelling Catheter Insertion Steps

• Gather sterile equipment.
• Position the patient appropriately.
• Clean the urinary meatus with antiseptic.
• Insert catheter gently until urine flows.
• Inflate the balloon to secure the catheter in place.

Epidermis Cells

• Melanocytes produce melanin for skin pigmentation.
• Merkel cells are sensory receptors for touch.
• Langerhans cells are part of the immune system.
• Keratinocytes form the bulk of the epidermis, providing a barrier.

Novice-to-Expert

• Reflects the progression in nursing practice based on experience, knowledge, and clinical judgment.

Types of Exudate

• Serous (clear fluid), sanguineous (blood), purulent (pus), and serosanguineous (mixed) categorize wound drainage.

Types of Prevention

• Primary prevention aims to prevent diseases (e.g., vaccinations).
• Secondary prevention focuses on early detection (e.g., screenings).
• Tertiary prevention mitigates effects of ongoing illness (e.g., rehabilitation).
• Quaternary prevention involves preventing unnecessary intervention.

Types of Acute Wounds

• Traumatic wounds arise from injury.
• Surgical wounds result from operative procedures.
• Moisture-associated skin damage is caused by prolonged exposure to moisture.

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Readings

• A false high reading can result from cuff size or patient anxiety; a false low may occur if the cuff is too loose.

Types of Pressure Injuries

• Stage 1 (non-blanchable erythema), Stage 2 (partial-thickness skin loss), Stage 3 (full-thickness skin loss), Stage 4 (full-thickness with tissue loss); risk factors include immobility and poor nutrition.

Ethical Principles

• Include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and confidentiality, guiding nursing practice.

Blood Pressure Influencing Factors

• Increase factors include stress, high sodium diets, and obesity; decrease factors include hydration and physical activity.

Types of Postoperative Complications

• Infections, dehiscence (wound reopening), evisceration (organs extruding), and hematomas (localized bleeding).

Domains of Learning

• Cognitive (knowledge and understanding), psychomotor (skills development), and affective (attitudes and values).

Patient Confidentiality (HIPAA)

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ensures privacy and security of patients' health information.

Types of Wound Healing

• Primary intention (edges directly approximated), secondary intention (wound heals from the bottom up), and delayed primary intention (involves some delay).

Types of Pain

• Nociceptive pain results from injury to body tissues; neuropathic pain stems from nerve damage.

Vital Signs Alterations

• Terms include tachycardia (high heart rate), bradycardia (low heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), and hypotension (low blood pressure).

Seizure Precautions

• Ensure safety during a seizure, protect the head, clear surroundings, and do not restrain. Post-seizure, place the person on their side and check responsiveness.

Isolation Types

• Standard precautions for all patients; droplet, airborne, and contact precautions for specific infections like influenza, TB, and MRSA.

Injectable Medication Angles

• Intradermal (5-15 degrees), intramuscular (90 degrees), and subcutaneous (45-90 degrees) depend on the type of injection.

Various Torts

• Assault (threat of harm), battery (actual harm), false imprisonment (unlawfully restraining someone).

Barriers to Effective Communication

• Include language differences, cognitive impairments, emotional distress, and environmental distractions.

Clinical Manifestations of Prolonged Stress

• Symptoms can include fatigue, anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms such as headaches or gastrointestinal issues.

Adventitious Lung Sounds

• Abnormal sounds including wheezes, crackles, and rhonchi indicate various respiratory issues.

Handoff Reporting

• Should include patient status, recent changes, and anticipated needs, conducted in a private, structured environment.

Risk Factors for Medication Toxicity

• Include age, liver/kidney function, polypharmacy, and specific disease states affecting drug metabolism.

Causes and Treatment of Hyperventilation

• Can be caused by anxiety, fever, or medical conditions; treatment involves calming techniques and controlled breathing.

Electrolyte Manifestations

• Hyponatremia (confusion), hypernatremia (thirst), hypokalemia (muscle weakness), hyperkalemia (cardiac issues), hypocalcemia (muscle spasms), and hypercalcemia (nausea).

Client Teaching for Home Oxygen Therapy

• Educate on the equipment's use, safety precautions, and signs of inadequate oxygenation.

Client Teaching for Pursed-Lipped Breathing

• Instruct on inhaling through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips to improve ventilation.

Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

This quiz covers essential components of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, including their functions and the impacts of aging. It also delves into urinary incontinence, alterations to bowel elimination, and priority setting frameworks in nursing care. Test your understanding of these important nursing concepts.