Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a level of health care?
Which of the following is NOT a level of health care?
What is the primary focus of primary health care?
What is the primary focus of primary health care?
What is the main goal of health promotion programs?
What is the main goal of health promotion programs?
What is a challenge facing nursing due to the aging population?
What is a challenge facing nursing due to the aging population?
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What is the primary focus of tertiary care?
What is the primary focus of tertiary care?
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Which of the following is an example of restorative care?
Which of the following is an example of restorative care?
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What is a primary concern in healthcare delivery?
What is a primary concern in healthcare delivery?
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What is a challenge facing nursing due to the rate of nurses' retirements?
What is a challenge facing nursing due to the rate of nurses' retirements?
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What is the main goal of preventive care?
What is the main goal of preventive care?
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Which of the following is a key aspect of patient-centered care?
Which of the following is a key aspect of patient-centered care?
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Which of the following is an example of continuing care?
Which of the following is an example of continuing care?
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What is a challenge facing nursing due to the uncertainty of health care reform?
What is a challenge facing nursing due to the uncertainty of health care reform?
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What is the primary goal of the Magnet recognition program?
What is the primary goal of the Magnet recognition program?
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What is a potential consequence of health care disparities?
What is a potential consequence of health care disparities?
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What is a predicted trend in the future of healthcare?
What is a predicted trend in the future of healthcare?
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What is a key aspect of competency in healthcare delivery?
What is a key aspect of competency in healthcare delivery?
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What is a potential consequence of a nursing shortage?
What is a potential consequence of a nursing shortage?
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What is a key aspect of patient-centered care?
What is a key aspect of patient-centered care?
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What is a potential solution to healthcare disparities?
What is a potential solution to healthcare disparities?
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What is a key aspect of the future of healthcare?
What is a key aspect of the future of healthcare?
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What is the primary focus of health education?
What is the primary focus of health education?
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What is the primary goal of tertiary prevention?
What is the primary goal of tertiary prevention?
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What is an example of a nonmodifiable risk factor?
What is an example of a nonmodifiable risk factor?
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What is the purpose of a health risk appraisal form?
What is the purpose of a health risk appraisal form?
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What is the Transtheoretical Model of Change used for?
What is the Transtheoretical Model of Change used for?
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What is an example of an environmental risk factor?
What is an example of an environmental risk factor?
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What is the primary goal of health promotion?
What is the primary goal of health promotion?
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What is the primary focus of primary prevention?
What is the primary focus of primary prevention?
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What is the purpose of identifying risk factors?
What is the purpose of identifying risk factors?
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What is the primary goal of illness prevention?
What is the primary goal of illness prevention?
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Which of the following types of illness is characterized by a short duration and severe symptoms?
Which of the following types of illness is characterized by a short duration and severe symptoms?
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What is the term for how people monitor their bodies and define and interpret their symptoms?
What is the term for how people monitor their bodies and define and interpret their symptoms?
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Which of the following is an example of a variable that can influence illness and illness behavior?
Which of the following is an example of a variable that can influence illness and illness behavior?
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What is the term for the impact of illness on a person's sense of self-worth?
What is the term for the impact of illness on a person's sense of self-worth?
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Which of the following is a way to care for oneself as a healthcare professional?
Which of the following is a way to care for oneself as a healthcare professional?
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What is the term for a type of illness that lasts longer than 6 months and affects functioning?
What is the term for a type of illness that lasts longer than 6 months and affects functioning?
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Which of the following is an example of an internal variable that can influence illness and illness behavior?
Which of the following is an example of an internal variable that can influence illness and illness behavior?
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What is the term for the changes that occur in a person's behavior and emotions as a result of illness?
What is the term for the changes that occur in a person's behavior and emotions as a result of illness?
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Which of the following is a way that illness can affect a person's family?
Which of the following is a way that illness can affect a person's family?
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What is the term for the ways in which people perceive and respond to their symptoms?
What is the term for the ways in which people perceive and respond to their symptoms?
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What is the primary goal of Healthy People 2030?
What is the primary goal of Healthy People 2030?
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what is the definition of health?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what is the definition of health?
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What is the primary purpose of models of health and illness?
What is the primary purpose of models of health and illness?
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What is the Health Belief Model primarily used for?
What is the Health Belief Model primarily used for?
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What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs primarily used for?
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs primarily used for?
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What is the primary focus of the Holistic Health Model?
What is the primary focus of the Holistic Health Model?
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What influences health beliefs and practices?
What influences health beliefs and practices?
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What is the primary goal of health promotion programs?
What is the primary goal of health promotion programs?
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What is the primary focus of health promotion models?
What is the primary focus of health promotion models?
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What is the primary purpose of identifying leading health indicators?
What is the primary purpose of identifying leading health indicators?
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In a person-to-person encounter, what is involved in providing presence?
In a person-to-person encounter, what is involved in providing presence?
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What is the primary goal of true listening in nursing?
What is the primary goal of true listening in nursing?
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What is spiritual health achieved when a person can find a balance between?
What is spiritual health achieved when a person can find a balance between?
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What is the core of clinical decision making and patient-centered care?
What is the core of clinical decision making and patient-centered care?
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What is the primary benefit of continuity of care in knowing the patient?
What is the primary benefit of continuity of care in knowing the patient?
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What is the primary purpose of touch in nursing?
What is the primary purpose of touch in nursing?
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What is the primary goal of caring behaviors in nursing?
What is the primary goal of caring behaviors in nursing?
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What is the primary focus of providing presence in nursing?
What is the primary focus of providing presence in nursing?
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What is the primary benefit of self-care in nursing?
What is the primary benefit of self-care in nursing?
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What is the primary purpose of active listening in nursing?
What is the primary purpose of active listening in nursing?
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What is a common theme among nursing caring theories?
What is a common theme among nursing caring theories?
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What does an ethic of care concern itself with?
What does an ethic of care concern itself with?
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What is a key aspect of caring in nursing practice?
What is a key aspect of caring in nursing practice?
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What does the Caring Assessment Tool measure?
What does the Caring Assessment Tool measure?
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What is a benefit of building a nurse-patient relationship?
What is a benefit of building a nurse-patient relationship?
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What is a key aspect of Leininger's Transcultural Caring theory?
What is a key aspect of Leininger's Transcultural Caring theory?
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What is a key aspect of Watson's Transpersonal Caring theory?
What is a key aspect of Watson's Transpersonal Caring theory?
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What is a key aspect of Swanson's Theory of Caring?
What is a key aspect of Swanson's Theory of Caring?
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What is a benefit of knowing the context of a patient's illness?
What is a benefit of knowing the context of a patient's illness?
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What is an aspect of enabling in the context of caring?
What is an aspect of enabling in the context of caring?
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What is essential for reducing symptoms and suffering in patients?
What is essential for reducing symptoms and suffering in patients?
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How can nurses support family caregivers?
How can nurses support family caregivers?
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What is a challenge facing healthcare today?
What is a challenge facing healthcare today?
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What is necessary for a patient's comfort and dignity?
What is necessary for a patient's comfort and dignity?
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Why is it important to understand the stress of a patient's illness on family members?
Why is it important to understand the stress of a patient's illness on family members?
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What is the consequence of a lack of compassionate healthcare?
What is the consequence of a lack of compassionate healthcare?
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What is essential for providing comfort to patients?
What is essential for providing comfort to patients?
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Why is it important for nurses to care for patients' families?
Why is it important for nurses to care for patients' families?
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What is the primary goal of caring nursing actions?
What is the primary goal of caring nursing actions?
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What is the consequence of not addressing the stress of a patient's illness on family members?
What is the consequence of not addressing the stress of a patient's illness on family members?
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What is the primary purpose of asking a clinical question in PICOT format?
What is the primary purpose of asking a clinical question in PICOT format?
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Which of the following sources is NOT considered a reliable source of evidence for evidence-based practice?
Which of the following sources is NOT considered a reliable source of evidence for evidence-based practice?
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What is the primary goal of critically appraising the evidence?
What is the primary goal of critically appraising the evidence?
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What is the primary purpose of integrating the evidence into practice?
What is the primary purpose of integrating the evidence into practice?
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What is the primary goal of translation research?
What is the primary goal of translation research?
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What is the primary goal of a systematic approach to evidence-based practice?
What is the primary goal of a systematic approach to evidence-based practice?
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Which of the following is a key step in the evidence-based practice process?
Which of the following is a key step in the evidence-based practice process?
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What is the primary goal of outcomes research?
What is the primary goal of outcomes research?
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What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in clinical decision-making?
What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in clinical decision-making?
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What is the primary focus of phase 1 clinical trials?
What is the primary focus of phase 1 clinical trials?
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What is the first step in the evidence-based practice process?
What is the first step in the evidence-based practice process?
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What type of research studies are considered the best evidence for evidence-based practice?
What type of research studies are considered the best evidence for evidence-based practice?
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What is the primary focus of nursing research?
What is the primary focus of nursing research?
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What is the primary focus of quantitative research?
What is the primary focus of quantitative research?
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What is the purpose of critically appraising the evidence in evidence-based practice?
What is the purpose of critically appraising the evidence in evidence-based practice?
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What is the role of a clinician's expertise in evidence-based practice?
What is the role of a clinician's expertise in evidence-based practice?
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What is the primary focus of phase 5 clinical trials?
What is the primary focus of phase 5 clinical trials?
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What is the ultimate goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare delivery?
What is the ultimate goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare delivery?
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What is the primary purpose of evaluating the outcomes of an evidence-based practice decision?
What is the primary purpose of evaluating the outcomes of an evidence-based practice decision?
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Who should be involved in communicating the outcomes of an evidence-based practice decision?
Who should be involved in communicating the outcomes of an evidence-based practice decision?
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What is the primary goal of sustaining knowledge use in evidence-based practice?
What is the primary goal of sustaining knowledge use in evidence-based practice?
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What should be considered when evaluating an evidence-based practice change?
What should be considered when evaluating an evidence-based practice change?
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Why is it important to evaluate the outcomes of an evidence-based practice decision?
Why is it important to evaluate the outcomes of an evidence-based practice decision?
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What is the purpose of incorporating an evidence-based practice change into the culture and practice environment?
What is the purpose of incorporating an evidence-based practice change into the culture and practice environment?
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What is the primary focus of performance improvement programs?
What is the primary focus of performance improvement programs?
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What is the primary difference between research and quality improvement (QI)?
What is the primary difference between research and quality improvement (QI)?
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What is the relationship between evidence-based practice (EBP), research, and performance improvement (PI)?
What is the relationship between evidence-based practice (EBP), research, and performance improvement (PI)?
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What is the primary goal of nursing research?
What is the primary goal of nursing research?
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What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP)?
What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP)?
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What is the primary purpose of combining performance improvement (PI) with evidence-based practice (EBP)?
What is the primary purpose of combining performance improvement (PI) with evidence-based practice (EBP)?
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Study Notes
Health Care Delivery System
- Four challenges facing nursing: aging baby boomer generation, shortage and uneven distribution of physicians, rate of nurses' retirements, and uncertainty of health care reform
Traditional Levels of Health Care
- Preventative care
- Primary care
- Secondary care
- Tertiary care
- Restorative care
- Continuing health care
Integrated Health Care Delivery
- Primary and preventive health care services: focus on improved health outcomes for an entire population, requires collaboration among health professionals, health care leaders, and community members
- Health promotion programs: designed to reduce the incidence of disease
- Preventive care: focused on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease
- Secondary and tertiary care: hospitals, intensive care, mental health facilities, rural hospitals, and discharge planning
- Restorative care: home care, rehabilitation, and extended care facilities
- Continuing care: nursing centers or facilities, assisted living, respite care, adult day care centers, and palliative and hospice care
Issues in Health Care Delivery for Nurses
- Health care costs and quality: patient satisfaction
- Nursing shortage: competency
- Patient-centered care: respect for patient's values, preferences, and expressed needs, coordination and integration of care, information and education, physical comfort, emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety, involvement of family and friends, continuity and transition, and access to care
- Magnet recognition program: nursing-sensitive outcomes
- Technology in health care: robotics, telemedicine
- Health care disparities: economic stability, education, health and health care, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context
The Future of Health Care
- Current system is in a constant state of change
- Predictions: consumer-centered health care system, increased use of telehealth and digital care, decreased office visits, and increased use of artificial intelligence to assist in early detection and better understanding of disease progression
Healthy People
- Provides evidence-based, 10-year national objectives for promoting health and preventing disease
- Healthy People 2030 aims to promote a society in which all people live long, healthy lives and identifies leading health indicators
Definition of Health
- A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1947, 2018)
- A state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle
Models of Health and Illness
- Models help explain complex concepts or ideas, such as health and illness
- Health beliefs are a person's ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
- Health Belief Model and Health Promotion Model are examples of models of health and illness
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is used to understand the interrelationships of human needs
- Holistic Health Model considers emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of wellness
Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices
- Internal variables: developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, emotional factors, and spiritual factors
- External variables: family role and practices, social determinants of health, and culture
Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention
- Health promotion: helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health
- Health education: helps people develop a greater understanding of their health and how to better manage their health risks
- Illness prevention: protects people from actual or potential threats to health
Three Levels of Prevention
- Primary prevention: true prevention that reduces the incidence of disease
- Secondary prevention: focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it occurs
- Tertiary prevention: occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible
Risk Factors
- Any attribute, quality, environmental situation, or trait that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
- Risk factors include: nonmodifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and environment
Risk Factor Identification and Changing Health Behaviors
- Identify risk factors: assessment, health risk appraisal forms
- Implement education and counseling: wellness strategies, Transtheoretical Model of Change
Illness
- A state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
- Acute illness: short duration and severe
- Chronic illness: lasts longer than 6 months and affects functioning
- Illness behavior: involves how people monitor their bodies and define and interpret their symptoms
- Variables influencing illness and illness behavior: internal variables and external variables
- Impact of illness on the patient and family: behavioral and emotional changes, impact on body image, impact on self-concept, impact on family roles, and impact on family dynamics
Caring for Yourself
- Eat a nutritious diet
- Get adequate sleep
- Engage in exercise and relaxation activities
- Establish a good work-family balance
- Engage in regular nonwork activities
Theoretical Views on Caring
- Caring is primary in nursing practice
- Leininger's Transcultural Caring theory emphasizes cultural sensitivity
- Watson's Transpersonal Caring theory focuses on the humanistic and spiritual aspects of caring
- Swanson's Theory of Caring emphasizes the nurse's role in enabling patients to achieve their goals
Summary of Theoretical Views
- Nursing caring theories share common themes
- Caring is highly relational and context-dependent
- The absence of caring is evident
- Enabling is an essential aspect of caring
- Knowing the patient's context helps in individualizing interventions
Patient's Perspective of Caring
- Patients value the affective dimension of nursing care
- The Caring Assessment Tool measures patients' perceptions of caring
- Patients become active partners in care when they sense sensitivity, sympathy, and compassion from healthcare providers
- Assessing patient expectations and building a nurse-patient relationship is crucial
Ethic of Care
- Caring involves mutual respect and trust between nurse and patient
- The ethic of care focuses on relationships and the nurse's character and attitude towards others
- An ethic of care is concerned with right and wrong behavior
Caring in Nursing Practice
- Caring is a developing skill that grows with practice
- Caring is a human behavior that can be given and received
- Recognizing the importance of self-care is essential
- Caring behaviors should be extended to colleagues as well
Providing Presence
- Providing presence is a person-to-person encounter that conveys closeness and caring
- Presence involves "being there" and "being with"
- Nursing presence is the connectedness between nurse and patient
- Establishing presence strengthens patient-centered care
Touch
- Touch provides comfort and creates a connection
- There are different types of touch: non-contact, contact, task-oriented, caring, protective, and therapeutic touch
- Touch should be used with discretion, as it conveys many messages
Listening
- Listening is necessary for meaningful interactions with patients
- True listening leads to knowing and responding to what matters to patients and their families
- Effective listening requires silencing oneself and listening with an open mind
- Active listening helps in truly knowing patients and what is important to them
Knowing the Patient
- Knowing the patient is the core of clinical decision making and patient-centered care
- Continuity of care and clinical expertise facilitate knowing
- Factors that facilitate knowing include time, continuity of care, teamwork, trust, and experience
Spiritual Caring
- Spiritual health involves balancing life values, goals, and beliefs with those of others
- Spirituality offers a sense of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal connectedness
Relieving Symptoms and Suffering
- Relieving symptoms and suffering requires caring nursing actions that provide comfort, dignity, respect, and peace
- Conveying a quiet, caring presence, touching, or listening helps in assessing and understanding patient discomfort
- Providing comfort through a listening, non-judgmental, caring presence is essential
Family Care
- Caring for an individual includes caring for their family
- Nurses should help family caregivers be active participants in care
- Understanding the stress that a patient's illness places on family members is crucial
The Challenge of Caring
- Challenges to caring include the task-oriented biomedical model, institutional demands, time constraints, reliance on technology, cost-effective strategies, and standardized work processes
- Health care must become more compassionate to make a positive difference
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
- EBP is a problem-solving approach to clinical practice that combines the best evidence with a clinician's expertise, patient preferences and values, and health care resources in making decisions about patient care.
- The best scientific evidence comes from well-designed, systematically conducted research studies found in scientific, peer-reviewed journals.
Steps of Evidence-Based Practice
- Cultivate a spirit of inquiry: constantly questioning current practices leads to consistent use of EBP.
- Ask a clinical question in PICOT format:
- P = Patient population of interest
- I = Intervention of interest
- C = Comparison of interest
- O = Outcome
- T = Time
- Search for the best evidence:
- Sources include agency policy, procedure manuals, quality improvement data, existing clinical practice guidelines, and journal articles.
- Ask experts for help, such as nurses, educators, and librarians.
- Critically appraise the evidence:
- After critiquing all articles for a PICOT question, synthesize or combine the findings.
- Consider the scientific rigor of the evidence and whether it has application in practice.
- Integrate the evidence:
- Apply the research in your plan of care for a patient; use evidence as rationale.
- Education about the change must occur, and large-scale change requires planning.
- Evaluate the outcomes of the practice decision or change:
- Determine whether the change was effective, if modifications are needed, or if the change should be discontinued.
- Unexpected events or results may occur.
- Communicate the outcomes of the evidence-based practice decision:
- Share with clinical staff, nursing practice council, EBP council, research council, clinicians, and professional conferences.
Scientific Method
- Make an observation
- Ask questions and gather information
- Analyze the literature and form a research question or hypothesis
- Conduct a study using scientific rigor
- Analyze the data and draw conclusions
- Types of research studies:
- Quantitative research: experimental research, nonexperimental research, surveys
- Qualitative research: inductive reasoning
Nursing Research
- A way to identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practice, and use resources effectively
- Many professional and specialty nursing organizations support the conduct of research for advancing nursing science
- Translation research phases:
- Preclinical and animal studies—basic science research
- Phase 1 clinical trials—testing safety and efficacy in a small group of human subjects
- Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials—testing safety and efficacy in a larger group of human subjects and testing for comparison to standard treatment
- Phase 4 clinical trials and outcomes research—translation to practice
- Phase 5 population-level outcomes research—translation to community
- Outcomes research:
- Helps patients, health care providers, and those in health care policy make informed decisions based on current evidence.
- Focuses on the benefits, risks, costs, and holistic effects of a treatment on patients.
Performance Improvement
- A formal approach for the analysis of health care–related processes
- Reviews how existing interventions within a process function
- PI combined with EBP is the foundation for excellent patient care and outcomes
- Performance improvement programs focus on processes or systems that significantly contribute to outcomes
The Relationship Among EBP, Research, and PI
- Although EBP, research, and PI are closely related, they are separate processes.
- EBP: Use of information from research and other sources to determine safe and effective nursing care with the goal of improving patient care and outcomes.
- Research: Systematic inquiry answers questions, solves problems, and contributes to the generalizable knowledge base of nursing; may or may not improve patient care.
- QI: Improves local work processes to improve patient outcomes and health system efficiency; results usually not generalizable.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of nursing, focusing on the challenges facing the health care delivery system, including the aging population, physician shortage, and nurse retirements.