36 Questions
Which term collectively refers to the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drug substances in the body?
ADME
In which administration route do drug substances bypass the need to move into the systemic circulation, as mentioned in the text?
Intravenous injection
Which drug substance tends to stay within the systemic circulation, as indicated in the text?
Warfarin [Coumadin®]
Which type of drug substances do not get metabolized because they are not substrates of metabolizing enzymes in the body?
Lisinopril [Zestril®]
Which drug substance never gets absorbed from the gastrointestinal system after oral administration?
Loperamide [Imodium®/速治靈®]
How do dissolved drug particles cross an epithelium?
By squeezing through between epithelial cells
Which process requires energy and occurs against the concentration gradient?
Facilitated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters
What factor affects the rate of diffusion by permeability and concentration difference?
*1 Rate of diffusion = 𝑃 × 𝐴 × ∆𝐶
What does the term 'pharmacokinetics' refer to?
Study of the body's actions on the drug
Which of the following is NOT a part of PK actions?
Ingestion
What is the main function of distribution in pharmacokinetics?
To move drug substances from systemic circulation to different body parts
Which type of drug substances undergo movement into the systemic circulation during absorption?
Dissolved drug particles
What role does metabolism play in pharmacokinetics?
To decrease drug activity
Which factor affects the rate of diffusion by permeability and concentration difference in pharmacokinetics?
Temperature
What does pharmacokinetics (PK) study?
The movement of drug substances into the systemic circulation
Which of the following is NOT included in the PK actions of drug substances?
Movement into the site of action
What is distribution in pharmacokinetics (PK)?
The movement of drug substances from systemic circulation to different body parts
What does pharmacodynamics (PD) study?
What the drug does to the body
Which of the following is NOT a type of pharmacokinetic action?
Movement across epithelia
What is elimination in pharmacokinetics (PK)?
The excretion of the drug out of the body
What is the term used to describe the concept of the drug's ability to produce a maximum response at a specific dose?
Efficacy
In pharmacodynamics, which type of inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to a different site other than the active site of the enzyme?
Allosteric inhibition
What is the term for the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place?
Active site
Which term describes the phenomenon where two or more drugs interact with each other to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
Synergism
What is the term for the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor and produce a biological response?
Agonist
Which factor affects the binding of a substrate to a protein by changing the protein's conformation and reducing its activity?
Allosteric regulation
What is the main function of insulin?
Promote the conversion of glucose to energy
What happens when proteins denature at extreme pH or temperature?
They lose their shape and function
What is the lock-and-key hypothesis used to describe?
The process of substrate binding to proteins
What is an effect of the locked key being opened in the lock-key complex analogy?
Various effects are elicited
What is the effect of substrate binding that is related to molecular polarity?
Formation of very strong bonds resulting in irreversible binding
What are substrates that bind to the active site classified as?
Competitive
What is the main function of distribution in pharmacokinetics?
Transporting drug substances to tissues and organs
What is the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics (PK)?
Breaking down and transforming drug substances in the body
What factor affects the rate of diffusion by permeability and concentration difference?
Conformity
What type of substances undergo movement into the systemic circulation during absorption?
Drug substances
Explore the lecture outline for NURS1125 Pharmacology, focusing on definitions of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, types of pharmacokinetic actions, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, pharmacokinetic model, parameters, and factors affecting pharmacokinetic parameters.
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