NURS 7053 Advanced Pathophysiology I - Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the immune system?

  • To regulate endocrine functions
  • To enhance digestive processes
  • To prevent or eradicate infections (correct)
  • To primarily support the cardiovascular system

    • Which type of immunity is characterized by its rapid response and lack of memory?

  • Innate Immunity (correct)
  • Acquired Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Specific Immunity

    • What type of antigens are viruses and bacteria classified as?

  • Environmental antigens
  • Self-antigens
  • Foreign (non-human) antigens (correct)
  • Chemical antigens

    • Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response?

    <p>Lymphocytes and antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes self from non-self in the human body?

    <p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of generating clonal diversity in the immune response?

    <p>To create a population of lymphocytes that can recognize all foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are primarily involved in the generation of clonal diversity?

    <p>Thymus and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During clonal selection, what happens to mature B and T cells?

    <p>They proliferate in response to a specific antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte remains immature until it encounters its specific antigen?

    <p>Immunocompetent T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do lymphocytes migrate after being released from central lymphoid organs?

    <p>To secondary lymphoid tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily produced during the secondary immune response?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Memory T cells (Tm) in the immune system?

    <p>They enhance the secondary immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T lymphocyte is responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Lymphokine-producing T cells (Td)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural Killer cells primarily recognize and respond to which type of cells?

    <p>Virally infected or stressed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do inactivated vaccines function?

    <p>They kill virulent microbes while retaining immunogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T lymphocyte type suppresses the activation of B cells and other T cells?

    <p>Regulatory T cells (Treg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is first produced during a primary immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the lymphocyte population do Natural Killer cells account for?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of response elicited by inactivated or killed viruses and bacteria?

    <p>Antibody response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is created from microbial proteins and/or polysaccharides?

    <p>Subunit vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type requires the addition of another substance to stimulate T helper cells?

    <p>Conjugate vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Booster vaccinations are generally required less often for which type of vaccine?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine involves the use of inactivated bacterial toxins?

    <p>Toxoid vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of protection provided by synthetic vaccines like Hepatitis B?

    <p>Antibody response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is dependent on a vector to elicit an immune response?

    <p>Viral vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Live attenuated vaccines are typically not safe for which group of individuals?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for the selection and maturation of immunocompetent B and T cells?

    <p>Clonal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are produced as a result of the differentiation of B cells?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily responsible for the initiation of the immune response by presenting antigens?

    <p>Macrophages and dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does interleukin-2 (IL-2) play in the immune response?

    <p>Promotes lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main antibody produced during a primary immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of immunoglobulins is responsible for binding to antigens?

    <p>Antigen-binding fragment (Fab)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody class is found in secretions such as saliva and breast milk?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Neutralize and opsonize pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily stimulated by Th1 cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is conferred by the production of memory cells?

    <p>Active acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Concepts in Immune Function

    • Immune system's primary role: prevent/eradicate infections and destroy cancer cells.
    • Immune response can lead to cell injury and pathological inflammation.
    • Immune system recognizes and responds to tissue grafts.

    Comparison of Inflammatory and Immune Responses

    • Inflammatory Response (Innate Immunity): Rapid, nonspecific, no memory, involves various cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages).
    • Immune Response (Adaptive Immunity): Slower, specific, has memory, involves lymphocytes (B cells, T cells) and antibodies, can be induced by vaccination.

    Antigens

    • Defined as molecules recognized by lymphocytes that react with antibodies.
    • Foreign Antigens: Include viruses, bacteria, pollen, food, and drugs.
    • Self-antigens: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) distinguishes self from non-self; consists of four loci in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on chromosome 6.

    Overview of the Immune Response

    • Two Phases: Generation of Clonal Diversity and Clonal Selection.
    • Clonal Diversity: Lymphoid stem cells from bone marrow differentiate into immunocompetent T and B cells.
    • Clonal Selection: Specific B and T cells proliferate in response to exposure to an antigen.

    Induction of the Immune Response

    • Involves formation of B and T cells and antibodies against antigens.
    • Steps: Phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells (APCs), antigen expression on MHC Class II, and activation of T helper cells leading to proliferation of B and T lymphocytes.

    B Lymphocyte Response

    • Also known as the humoral response; activated B cells produce immunoglobulins (antibodies).
    • Immunoglobulin Structure: Contains an antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and a crystalline fragment (Fc).
    • Antibodies neutralize pathogens, promote phagocytosis, and activate complement cascade.

    Antibody Classes

    • IgM: High titers during primary immune responses.
    • IgG: High titers during secondary immune responses.
    • IgA: Found in secretions like saliva and breast milk.
    • IgE: Associated with allergic reactions.

    Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

    • Primary Response: Initial antigen exposure leads to production of IgM after a latent period (~5 days).
    • Secondary Response: Faster and larger production of IgG upon subsequent exposure.

    T Lymphocyte Response

    • Known as the cellular response; includes cytotoxic T cells (directly kill foreign antigen-bearing cells) and memory T cells (induce secondary responses).
    • Other T Cell Types:
      • Lymphokine-producing T cells (Td): Associated with delayed hypersensitivity.
      • Regulatory T cells (Treg): Suppress B and T cell activation.

    Natural Killer Cells

    • Constitute approximately 10% of lymphocyte population.
    • Recognize and kill virally infected or stressed cells; activate macrophages by releasing interferon-gamma.

    Vaccination

    • Stimulates a protective immune response against microbes by exposing to nonpathogenic forms.
    • Types:
      • Inactivated: Killed microbes (e.g., polio), require multiple doses.
      • Live attenuated: Reduced infectivity microbes (e.g., MMR), less frequent boosters.
      • Toxoid: Inactivated toxins (e.g., tetanus).
      • Subunit: Composed of microbial proteins (e.g., HPV).
      • Conjugated vaccines: Coupled microbial polysaccharides with proteins.
      • Synthetic vaccines: Created from recombinant proteins in labs.

    Summary of Vaccination Types and Protections

    • Inactivated vaccines prompt an antibody response for bacteria and viruses (e.g., cholera).
    • Live attenuated variants elicit both antibody and T cell responses (e.g., measles).
    • Toxoid vaccines prompt antibody responses against toxins (e.g., diphtheria).
    • Synthetic and other specialized vaccines offer specific immune responses (e.g., HIV trials, hepatitis B).

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    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in immunology pertinent to NURS 7053 Advanced Pathophysiology I for DNP Students. Explore the role of the immune system in health and disease, its function in infection prevention, and its implications in cancer surveillance and inflammation.

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