Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the immune system?
Which type of immunity is characterized by its rapid response and lack of memory?
What type of antigens are viruses and bacteria classified as?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response?
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What distinguishes self from non-self in the human body?
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What is the primary function of generating clonal diversity in the immune response?
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Which organs are primarily involved in the generation of clonal diversity?
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During clonal selection, what happens to mature B and T cells?
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Which type of lymphocyte remains immature until it encounters its specific antigen?
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Where do lymphocytes migrate after being released from central lymphoid organs?
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What is primarily produced during the secondary immune response?
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What is the role of Memory T cells (Tm) in the immune system?
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Which type of T lymphocyte is responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
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Natural Killer cells primarily recognize and respond to which type of cells?
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How do inactivated vaccines function?
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Which T lymphocyte type suppresses the activation of B cells and other T cells?
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Which immunoglobulin is first produced during a primary immune response?
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What percentage of the lymphocyte population do Natural Killer cells account for?
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What is the primary type of response elicited by inactivated or killed viruses and bacteria?
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Which type of vaccine is created from microbial proteins and/or polysaccharides?
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Which vaccine type requires the addition of another substance to stimulate T helper cells?
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Booster vaccinations are generally required less often for which type of vaccine?
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Which type of vaccine involves the use of inactivated bacterial toxins?
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What is the form of protection provided by synthetic vaccines like Hepatitis B?
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Which vaccine is dependent on a vector to elicit an immune response?
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Live attenuated vaccines are typically not safe for which group of individuals?
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What process allows for the selection and maturation of immunocompetent B and T cells?
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Which cells are produced as a result of the differentiation of B cells?
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Which of the following is primarily responsible for the initiation of the immune response by presenting antigens?
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What role does interleukin-2 (IL-2) play in the immune response?
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What is the main antibody produced during a primary immune response?
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Which structure of immunoglobulins is responsible for binding to antigens?
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Which antibody class is found in secretions such as saliva and breast milk?
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What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?
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What type of cells are primarily stimulated by Th1 cells?
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Which type of immunity is conferred by the production of memory cells?
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Study Notes
Basic Concepts in Immune Function
- Immune system's primary role: prevent/eradicate infections and destroy cancer cells.
- Immune response can lead to cell injury and pathological inflammation.
- Immune system recognizes and responds to tissue grafts.
Comparison of Inflammatory and Immune Responses
- Inflammatory Response (Innate Immunity): Rapid, nonspecific, no memory, involves various cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages).
- Immune Response (Adaptive Immunity): Slower, specific, has memory, involves lymphocytes (B cells, T cells) and antibodies, can be induced by vaccination.
Antigens
- Defined as molecules recognized by lymphocytes that react with antibodies.
- Foreign Antigens: Include viruses, bacteria, pollen, food, and drugs.
- Self-antigens: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) distinguishes self from non-self; consists of four loci in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on chromosome 6.
Overview of the Immune Response
- Two Phases: Generation of Clonal Diversity and Clonal Selection.
- Clonal Diversity: Lymphoid stem cells from bone marrow differentiate into immunocompetent T and B cells.
- Clonal Selection: Specific B and T cells proliferate in response to exposure to an antigen.
Induction of the Immune Response
- Involves formation of B and T cells and antibodies against antigens.
- Steps: Phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells (APCs), antigen expression on MHC Class II, and activation of T helper cells leading to proliferation of B and T lymphocytes.
B Lymphocyte Response
- Also known as the humoral response; activated B cells produce immunoglobulins (antibodies).
- Immunoglobulin Structure: Contains an antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and a crystalline fragment (Fc).
- Antibodies neutralize pathogens, promote phagocytosis, and activate complement cascade.
Antibody Classes
- IgM: High titers during primary immune responses.
- IgG: High titers during secondary immune responses.
- IgA: Found in secretions like saliva and breast milk.
- IgE: Associated with allergic reactions.
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
- Primary Response: Initial antigen exposure leads to production of IgM after a latent period (~5 days).
- Secondary Response: Faster and larger production of IgG upon subsequent exposure.
T Lymphocyte Response
- Known as the cellular response; includes cytotoxic T cells (directly kill foreign antigen-bearing cells) and memory T cells (induce secondary responses).
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Other T Cell Types:
- Lymphokine-producing T cells (Td): Associated with delayed hypersensitivity.
- Regulatory T cells (Treg): Suppress B and T cell activation.
Natural Killer Cells
- Constitute approximately 10% of lymphocyte population.
- Recognize and kill virally infected or stressed cells; activate macrophages by releasing interferon-gamma.
Vaccination
- Stimulates a protective immune response against microbes by exposing to nonpathogenic forms.
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Types:
- Inactivated: Killed microbes (e.g., polio), require multiple doses.
- Live attenuated: Reduced infectivity microbes (e.g., MMR), less frequent boosters.
- Toxoid: Inactivated toxins (e.g., tetanus).
- Subunit: Composed of microbial proteins (e.g., HPV).
- Conjugated vaccines: Coupled microbial polysaccharides with proteins.
- Synthetic vaccines: Created from recombinant proteins in labs.
Summary of Vaccination Types and Protections
- Inactivated vaccines prompt an antibody response for bacteria and viruses (e.g., cholera).
- Live attenuated variants elicit both antibody and T cell responses (e.g., measles).
- Toxoid vaccines prompt antibody responses against toxins (e.g., diphtheria).
- Synthetic and other specialized vaccines offer specific immune responses (e.g., HIV trials, hepatitis B).
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in immunology pertinent to NURS 7053 Advanced Pathophysiology I for DNP Students. Explore the role of the immune system in health and disease, its function in infection prevention, and its implications in cancer surveillance and inflammation.
