Mod1 Nursing Response to Injury Part A
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a protective chemical in the first line of defense?

  • Cytokines (correct)
  • Mucin
  • Defensins
  • Lysozyme

    • What role does the acidity of the skin play in the immune system?

  • Inhibits microbial growth (correct)
  • Promotes microbial growth
  • Absorbs toxins
  • Neutralizes pathogens

    • How does Lysozyme function as a protective chemical?

  • Inhibits DNA replication
  • Destroys red blood cells
  • Kills many microorganisms (correct)
  • Promotes inflammation

    • What is the function of mucin in the respiratory system?

    <p>Traps microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when surface barriers are breached?

    <p>The second line of defense is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the second line of defense?

    <p>Macrophages and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the skin's first line of defense?

    <p>Dermcidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the inflammatory response is true?

    <p>It recruits various immune cells to the site of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of defense in the body's response to injury?

    <p>Surface barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a function of surface barriers?

    <p>Facilitate phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do natural killer cells play in innate immunity?

    <p>They attack infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of keratin?

    <p>It is resistant to bacterial enzymes and toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a substance that aids the body's antimicrobial defense?

    <p>Gastric juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature that enhances the mechanical barriers of mucosae?

    <p>Mucous lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do surface barriers contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>By blocking entry of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of defense is primarily concerned with non-specific immunity?

    <p>2nd line of defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?

    <p>To engulf and digest pathogens or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Cells that directly attack infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance forms when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen?

    <p>Phagosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antimicrobial proteins like interferons?

    <p>To inhibit viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During phagocytosis, what happens after the lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle?

    <p>A phagolysosome is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is involved in the inflammation response?

    <p>Recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of fever in the immune response?

    <p>To enhance the effectiveness of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary component of the phagolysosome that aids in digestion?

    <p>Acid hydrolase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals?

    <p>Tissue injury or pathogen invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucosae in the body's defenses?

    <p>To provide physical barriers against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is known for providing a mechanical barrier and is resistant to various enzymes and toxins?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do secretions from the skin play in the body's first line of defense?

    <p>They provide chemical protection against microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the inflammatory process primarily acts to prevent further injury?

    <p>Vasodilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is primarily involved in the rapid response against a wide range of pathogens?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of the skin enhances its ability to act as a barrier to invading pathogens?

    <p>Tight junctions between epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial function of phagocytosis within the body's internal defenses?

    <p>To directly destroy pathogens by engulfing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What beneficial effect does gastric juice have in the context of the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>It creates an acidic environment that destroys harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response?

    <p>They phagocytize pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the engulfing action of a phagocyte?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antimicrobial proteins such as interferons play in the immune response?

    <p>They inhibit viral replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fever during an immune response?

    <p>To inhibit bacterial replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is formed when a lysosome merges with a phagocytic vesicle?

    <p>Phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a component of the inflammatory response?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During phagocytosis, which step follows the formation of a pseudopod by the phagocyte?

    <p>Engulfing of the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the removal of indigestible material after phagocytosis?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the function of phagocytes is accurate?

    <p>Phagocytes release cytokines that enhance adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of defensins in the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>To inhibit the growth of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective chemical in the mucus of the respiratory system helps trap microorganisms?

    <p>Mucin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cilia in the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>To sweep dust and mucus toward the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance found in sweat is known to have antibacterial properties?

    <p>Dermcidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the surface barriers of the body are breached?

    <p>The body initiates a nonspecific immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do acid secretions of the skin contribute to the body's defense?

    <p>They inhibit the growth of microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells mobilize the inflammatory response when surface barriers are breached?

    <p>Macrophages and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the acid mantle of the skin?

    <p>It helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of the Body's Response to Injury

    • The body's defense system is divided into three lines of defense: 1st line (innate immunity), 2nd line (non-specific immunity), and 3rd line (specific or acquired immunity).

    1st Line of Defense: Surface Barriers

    • Comprises skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions which act as physical barriers to pathogens.
    • Skin contains keratin, which is resistant to weak acids, bases, and bacterial toxins.
    • Mucosal surfaces also provide mechanical barriers similar to skin.
    • Additional features include hairs, mucus lining, and secretions from skin and gastric juices that aid in defense.
    • Protective chemicals produced:
      • Acidity: Skin secretions create an acidic environment that inhibits pathogen growth.
      • Enzymes: Lysozyme found in saliva and mucus can kill microorganisms.
      • Mucin: Thick mucus traps microorganisms.
      • Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth.
      • Lipids and toxins: Sebum and dermcidin in sweat are toxic to pathogens.

    Respiratory Tract Modifications

    • Mucus-coated hairs in the nose and cilia in the upper respiratory tract play vital roles in trapping and removing dust and bacteria.

    Breach of Surface Barriers

    • When skin or mucosae are damaged, the second line of defense is activated to protect deeper tissues.

    2nd Line of Defense: Internal Defenses

    • Activated when the first line of defense is breached, employing the inflammatory response to mobilize protective cells and proteins.
    • Key components include:
      • Phagocytes: Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest pathogens.
      • Natural Killer (NK) cells: Identify and destroy infected or cancerous cells.
      • Antimicrobial proteins: Interferons and complement proteins that target pathogens.
      • Fever: Elevated body temperature can inhibit pathogen growth.
      • Inflammatory response: Involves recruitment of macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells, and release of inflammatory chemicals.

    Phagocytosis Process

    • Macrophages engulf pathogens using cytoplasmic extensions, leading to the formation of a phagosome.
    • The phagosome fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome where enzymes digest the pathogen.
    • Indigestible material is expelled from the cell via exocytosis.

    Reflection on Pathogen Entry

    • Consider potential entry points for bacteria or viruses into the human body and the obstacles they would face, such as the body's barriers and immune response mechanisms.

    Overview of the Body's Response to Injury

    • The body's defense system is divided into three lines of defense: 1st line (innate immunity), 2nd line (non-specific immunity), and 3rd line (specific or acquired immunity).

    1st Line of Defense: Surface Barriers

    • Comprises skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions which act as physical barriers to pathogens.
    • Skin contains keratin, which is resistant to weak acids, bases, and bacterial toxins.
    • Mucosal surfaces also provide mechanical barriers similar to skin.
    • Additional features include hairs, mucus lining, and secretions from skin and gastric juices that aid in defense.
    • Protective chemicals produced:
      • Acidity: Skin secretions create an acidic environment that inhibits pathogen growth.
      • Enzymes: Lysozyme found in saliva and mucus can kill microorganisms.
      • Mucin: Thick mucus traps microorganisms.
      • Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth.
      • Lipids and toxins: Sebum and dermcidin in sweat are toxic to pathogens.

    Respiratory Tract Modifications

    • Mucus-coated hairs in the nose and cilia in the upper respiratory tract play vital roles in trapping and removing dust and bacteria.

    Breach of Surface Barriers

    • When skin or mucosae are damaged, the second line of defense is activated to protect deeper tissues.

    2nd Line of Defense: Internal Defenses

    • Activated when the first line of defense is breached, employing the inflammatory response to mobilize protective cells and proteins.
    • Key components include:
      • Phagocytes: Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest pathogens.
      • Natural Killer (NK) cells: Identify and destroy infected or cancerous cells.
      • Antimicrobial proteins: Interferons and complement proteins that target pathogens.
      • Fever: Elevated body temperature can inhibit pathogen growth.
      • Inflammatory response: Involves recruitment of macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells, and release of inflammatory chemicals.

    Phagocytosis Process

    • Macrophages engulf pathogens using cytoplasmic extensions, leading to the formation of a phagosome.
    • The phagosome fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome where enzymes digest the pathogen.
    • Indigestible material is expelled from the cell via exocytosis.

    Reflection on Pathogen Entry

    • Consider potential entry points for bacteria or viruses into the human body and the obstacles they would face, such as the body's barriers and immune response mechanisms.

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    Description

    Explore the body's first and second lines of defense against injury in this quiz designed for nursing students. Understand the physiological responses that play a critical role in healing and recovery processes. Gain insights relevant to both theoretical knowledge and practical application in nursing care.

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