Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of aldosterone?
What is the main function of aldosterone?
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
What is the role of angiotensin II in the RAAS?
What is the role of angiotensin II in the RAAS?
What happens to blood pressure when aldosterone is released?
What happens to blood pressure when aldosterone is released?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in relation to blood pressure?
What is the main function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in relation to blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyponatremia?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyponatremia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal range for sodium levels in the blood?
What is the normal range for sodium levels in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the electrolyte imbalance indicated by a sodium level of 165 mEq/L?
What is the electrolyte imbalance indicated by a sodium level of 165 mEq/L?
Signup and view all the answers
Which electrolyte imbalance is indicated by the symptoms of hypoactive bowel sounds, muscle weakness, and an irregular pulse?
Which electrolyte imbalance is indicated by the symptoms of hypoactive bowel sounds, muscle weakness, and an irregular pulse?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Intracellular Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid found within the cell, comprising almost 60% of healthy adult body weight.
Intravascular Fluid
Intravascular Fluid
Fluid located within blood vessels, primarily blood plasma.
Osmosis
Osmosis
The movement of water across cell membranes from low to high solute concentration.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms of electrolyte imbalance
Symptoms of electrolyte imbalance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Fluid & Electrolytes
- NUR 155 Unit 4, Ch 39
- Covers total body water (TBW), intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid (interstitial, intravascular, transcellular), solutes (crystalloids, colloids, electrolytes, nonelectrolytes)
Normal Structure and Function of Fluids and Electrolytes
- TBW composition: intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid (interstitial, intravascular, transcellular), solutes.
- Solutes: crystalloids and colloids, electrolytes, nonelectrolytes.
- Intracellular fluid is within the cell
- Extracellular fluid is outside the cell and includes both interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and plasma (fluid within blood vessels).
Intracellular Fluid
- Fluid within the cell (intracellular).
- Examples of fluids between cells or interstitial fluids.
- Fluid within blood vessels (intravascular)
- Diagram of a single cell and its associated fluids.
Interstitial Fluid
- Fluid between cells (intercellular or interstitial).
- 12 Liters of interstitial fluid in the human body.
- Contains water and electrolytes.
- Diagram showing intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and plasma
Intravascular Fluid
- Fluid within blood vessels (intravascular).
- Plasma is a type of intravascular fluid.
- Diagram illustrating intracellular, interstitial, and intravascular fluid.
Transcellular Fluid
- Includes fluids in specific body cavities, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pleural fluid.
- Also includes synovial fluid, pericardial fluid and vitreous humor.
- Diagram Illustrating pleural effusion and synovial fluid in a healthy joint
Fluids Shift Back and Forth
- Fluids shift between cells and blood vessels.
- Movement occurs through osmosis, which is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration.
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.
- Diagram of osmosis and diffusion.
Types of Fluids
- Hypotonic fluid has fewer particles
- Isotonic fluid has equal particles.
- Hypertonic fluid has more particles
Movement of Electrolytes
- Electrolyte movement is enabled by diffusion, filtration, and active transport.
- Body fluid regulation involves maintaining balance between fluid intake and output and ensuring homeostasis
Regulation of Body Fluids
- The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone are mechanisms for this regulation.
- The thirst mechanism is also involved.
Fill in the Blanks
- Questions related to the concepts of fluid and electrolytes, including terms like intracellular fluid, intravascular fluid, total body water, and osmosis.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Includes various electrolyte imbalances like Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia, Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia, Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypermagnesemia, Hypochloremia, Hyperchloremia, Hypophosphatemia, and Hyperphosphatemia.
Sodium
- Essential for nerve and muscle function, producing body heat, and acid-base buffering.
- Sources include breads, cereals, processed meats, canned foods.
- Normal levels range from 135–145 mEq/L
S/S & Causes: HYPONATREMIA
- Symptoms (S/S): confusion, lethargy, weakness, muscle cramping, seizures, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
- Causes: GI fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea), diuretics, prolonged use of hypotonic IV solutions
Treatment – HYPONATREMIA
- Administer IV fluids with sodium, eat foods with sodium, monitor vitals & labs, administer hypertonic IV saline solutions.
S/S & Causes – HYPERNATREMIA
- Thirst, dry mucous membranes, weakness, elevated temperature, confusion, irritability, decreased LOC, hallucinations, seizures
- Causes: excessive sodium intake, hypertonic IV solutions, excessive loss of water
Potassium
- Essential component of Na-K pump and protein synthesis.
- Food sources include fish (excluding shellfish), whole grains, nuts, broccoli, spinach, tomatoes, apricots, bananas
- Normal levels are 3.5–5.0 mEq/L
S/S & Causes: HYPOKALEMIA
- Muscle weakness, muscle cramping, irregular pulse, hypoactive bowel sounds
- Causes: vomiting, frequent enemas, gastric suction, use of potassium-wasting diuretics
Treatment - HYPOKALEMIA
- Monitor VS & heart rhythms, encourage high potassium foods, administer potassium supplements.
S/S & Causes: HYPERKALEMIA
- Anxiety, irritability, dysrhythmias, paresthesia (“tingling”),
- Causes: renal failure, crushing injury, diabetic Ketoacidosis, IV potassium
Treatment - HYPERKALEMIA
- Monitor heart rate & cardiac rhythm, limit potassium-rich foods, monitor labs.
Calcium
- Role in neuromuscular contraction & relaxation, cardiac function, bone & teeth structure
- Sources include dark green leafy vegetables, canned salmon, soy products, and milk
- Normal levels are 9–10.5 mg/dL
S/S & Causes: HYPOCALCEMIA
- Confusion, muscle cramps, tetany, cardiac dysrhythmias, Positive Chvostek & Trousseau signs, Hyperactive reflexes
- Causes: Vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium intake, pancreatitis
Treatment – HYPOCALCEMIA
- Encourage calcium-rich foods, monitor heart rate & rhythm, monitor cardiac rhythm with ECG.
S/S & Causes: HYPERCALCEMIA
- Lethargy, stupor, renal calculi, pathologic fractures
- Causes: prolonged bed rest, bone malignancy
Treatment – HYPERCALCEMIA
- Increase patient activity, encourage active ROM, increase fluid intake, monitor cardiac rhythm with ECG.
Magnesium
- Regulates neuromuscular and cardiac function, needed for nucleic acids and protein synthesis and maintaining serum calcium levels.
- Food sources include cereal grains, nuts, dried fruit, legumes, green leafy vegetables, dairy, meat, fish, and chocolate
- Normal levels are 1.5–2.5 mEq/L
S/S & Causes: HYPOMAGNESEMIA
- Irritable nerves and muscles, seizures, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, nausea/vomiting
- Causes: TPN without magnesium, nasogastric suction, prolonged diarrhea
Treatment – HYPOMAGNESEMIA
- Monitor V/S, cardiac rhythm with ECG, assess mental status, institute seizure precautions.
S/S & Causes: HYPERMAGNESEMIA
- Lethargy, peripheral vasodilation, decreased deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression, respiratory or cardiac arrest
- Causes: TPN without magnesium, nasogastric suction, prolonged diarrhea
Treatment – HYPERMAGNESEMIA
- Dialysis, zinc, low magnesium diet
Assessment (General)
- Health history, vital signs, intake & output, weight, edema, skin turgor, mucous membranes.
- Factors impacting fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance (age, stress, weight, surgery, medical conditions).
Intake & Output assessment
- Oral fluids and foods
- IV fluids
- Meds
- Enteral feedings
- NG tubes
- Bladder irrigations
- Large-volume enemas
Assessment (continued)
- Fluid measurements and totals, output (urine, emesis, liquid stool, wound drainage)
- weight (1kg = 1L)
- Pitting edema (graded 1+ to 4+)
- Skin turgor/edema (pinch- skin return to normal, tented skin)
- Mucous membranes (moist and pink)
Planning
- Goals for patients with fluid and electrolyte imbalance (e.g., moist mucous membranes, no pitting edema, normal pulse).
Nursing Diagnoses
- Examples include Fluid Imbalance (deficit/excess/retention), Supporting data for each, including nausea/vomiting, output greater than intake, dry membranes, low urine osmolarity, bounding pulse, edema, weight gain/loss, etc
Implementation & Evaluation
-
Monitoring fluid balance (vital signs, intake & output, daily weights, labs)
-
Restricting fluid and electrolyte intake (dietary modifications)
-
Oral/IV replacement of fluids and electrolytes (supplements, etc.)
-
Intravenous therapy (rights, routes advantages, complications)
-
Evaluation of treatment effectiveness.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of Fluid and Electrolyte balance as outlined in NUR 155 Unit 4, Chapter 39. Topics include total body water, intracellular and extracellular fluids, and various solutes such as crystalloids and colloids. Test your understanding of these essential physiological concepts.
