Nursing Module 1: Fluid and Electrolytes
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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by excessive ADH and leads to fluid overload?

  • Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) (correct)
  • Diabetes Insipidus
  • Hypernatremia
  • Hypovolemia

In the absence of ADH, which of the following occurs in Diabetes Insipidus?

  • Increase in plasma osmolality (correct)
  • Increase in fluid retention
  • Decrease in blood volume (correct)
  • Decrease in urine volume

Which symptom is NOT associated with excessive water retention due to SIADH?

  • Confusion
  • Irritability
  • Muscle cramps
  • Increased thirst (correct)

What is a likely consequence of hypernatremia due to excessive water loss?

<p>Increased thirst and fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the plasma volume change during Diabetes Insipidus?

<p>Plasma volume decreases while urine volume increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of body weight is composed of water?

<p>60% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is renin released from?

<p>Kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net effect of the Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?

<p>Increased plasma volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in regulating sodium reabsorption?

<p>Aldosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes fluid leaving the blood vessels and entering the interstitial space?

<p>Edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fluid dynamics, hydrostatic pressure is described as which type of force?

<p>Pushing force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)?

<p>Decrease plasma volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2, which substance is added?

<p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of calcium in the body?

<p>Assists in neuronal release of neurotransmitters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypocalcemia is characterized by which of the following signs?

<p>Chvostek’s Sign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with high levels of phosphate?

<p>Cell membrane instability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of hypercalcemia?

<p>Bone pain (A), Fatigue and memory loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does magnesium primarily function in the body?

<p>Regulating renal excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship exists between calcium and phosphate levels in the body?

<p>Increased calcium leads to decreased phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept regarding magnesium?

<p>Serves as a muscle relaxant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate function of the buffer system in serum?

<p>Neutralize acids to form water and CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for sodium (Na+) levels in mEq/L?

<p>135-145 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of sodium in the body?

<p>Sodium is critical in regulating fluid volume and movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic symptom is associated with hypokalemia?

<p>Delayed repolarization of cardiac muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of hypernatremia in the body?

<p>Increased extracellular fluid volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of potassium (K+) in the body?

<p>Potassium regulates conduction in cardiac muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for arterial pH in healthy adults?

<p>7.35-7.45 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

<p>They produce and recycle bicarbonate continuously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the HCO3- levels in the body during metabolic acidosis?

<p>HCO3- levels decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high anion gap indicate in a patient’s metabolic state?

<p>Acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters would indicate respiratory acidosis?

<p>High PaCO2 and low pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical feature indicating metabolic alkalosis?

<p>High HCO3- levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition typically shows a low PaCO2 level upon arterial blood gas analysis?

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected effect on the respiratory system when CO2 levels increase?

<p>Increase in breathing rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is SIADH?

A condition where the body produces too much ADH hormone, leading to excessive water reabsorption and fluid overload.

What is Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?

A condition where the body does not produce enough ADH hormone, resulting in excessive water loss.

What is Osmolality?

The concentration of dissolved substances in a fluid, including blood.

What is Hyponatremia?

A condition where the sodium concentration in blood is abnormally low.

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What is Hypernatremia?

A condition where the sodium concentration in blood is abnormally high.

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Sodium (Na+) blood concentration

The concentration of sodium (Na+) in the blood, typically ranging between 135-145 mEq/L.

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Sodium's role in fluid balance

Sodium (Na+) plays a crucial role in regulating the amount of fluid in the body and its movement between different compartments.

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Hyponatremia

Low levels of sodium in the blood (below 135 mEq/L).

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Hypernatremia

High levels of sodium in the blood (above 145 mEq/L).

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Potassium (K+) blood concentration

The concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood, typically ranging between 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

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Calcium (Ca2+)

A mineral crucial for numerous bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

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Hypocalcemia

A condition where calcium levels in the blood are too low, potentially leading to muscle cramps, spasms, and tingling sensations.

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Hypercalcemia

A condition where calcium levels in the blood are too high, which can cause various symptoms, including kidney stones, confusion, and fatigue.

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Phosphate (PO4)

An essential mineral that plays a vital role in maintaining bone density, cell membrane stability, and numerous metabolic reactions.

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Hypophosphatemia

A condition where phosphate levels in the blood are too low, which can affect bone health, energy production, and potentially cause muscle weakness.

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Hyperphosphatemia

A condition where phosphate levels in the blood are too high, which can have implications for bone health, kidney function, and potential impact on calcium levels.

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Magnesium (Mg2+)

A mineral integral for muscle relaxation, regulating blood pressure, and numerous enzyme activities.

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Hypermagnesemia

A condition where magnesium levels in the blood are too high, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and potentially affect heart rhythm.

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Respiratory Regulation of pH

The body's primary regulator of pH balance, acting within minutes to hours. It works by adjusting the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.

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Acidosis

A condition characterized by a decrease in the pH of blood, indicating acidity.

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Alkalosis

A condition characterized by an increase in the pH of blood, indicating alkalinity.

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Renal Regulation of pH

The kidneys control pH balance over a longer timescale, typically taking 2-3 days to adjust. They work by filtering and removing excess acid, and producing and recycling bicarbonate (HCO3-) to regulate blood pH.

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Anion Gap

A lab test that measures the difference between positively and negatively charged electrolytes (cations and anions) in the blood. It helps in identifying the cause of metabolic acidosis.

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Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

A blood test that measures the acidity (pH) of blood, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels.

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Respiratory Acidosis

A condition where the body fails to eliminate enough carbon dioxide (CO2), leading to an increase in blood acidity. The cause can be respiratory issues like pneumonia, asthma, or COPD.

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Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where the body loses too much bicarbonate (HCO3-), leading to increased blood acidity. This can be due to conditions like kidney failure, severe diarrhea, or diabetic ketoacidosis.

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Intracellular fluid

Fluid found inside cells, makes up 2/3 of total body water.

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Extracellular fluid

Fluid found outside cells, makes up 1/3 of total body water. It's divided into intravascular (blood), interstitial (between cells), and transcellular (specialized fluids).

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RAAS System

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a chain reaction triggered when blood pressure drops. It regulates blood volume, pressure, and blood vessel constriction.

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Renin

Hormone released by the kidneys when blood pressure drops. It starts the RAAS chain reaction, leading to increased blood pressure.

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Aldosterone

Hormone that controls sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. Where sodium goes, water follows, so aldosterone indirectly affects water retention.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone released by the pituitary gland when blood concentration increases. It tells the kidneys to retain water, leading to decreased blood concentration.

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ANP/BNP

Hormones released by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure. They work to decrease blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion.

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Edema

Fluid build-up in the interstitial space. Common causes include increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure.

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Study Notes

Module 1 - Week 1: Fluid and Electrolytes; Acid/Base Balance

  • Fluid Distribution:
    • 60% of body weight is water.
    • Intracellular fluid (ICF): 2/3 of body water, found within cells.
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 of body water, found outside cells, further subdivided into:
      • Intravascular fluid: within blood vessels.
      • Interstitial fluid: surrounds cells.
      • Transcellular fluid: specialized fluids in specific body compartments (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid).

Fluid Regulation: RAAS, ADH, ANP/BNP

  • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS):

    • Overall net effect: increases plasma volume, blood pressure, vascular tone, and cardiac output.
    • Key hormones:
      • Renin: released by the kidneys.
      • Angiotensinogen: converted to angiotensin II.
      • Angiotensin II: stimulates aldosterone release.
      • Aldosterone: regulates sodium reabsorption; wherever sodium goes, water follows.

  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin:

    • Overall net effect: increases plasma volume and blood pressure.
    • ADH tells the kidneys to reabsorb water.

  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP):

    • Overall net effect: decreases plasma volume and blood pressure.

Edema

  • Definition: Fluid leaving blood vessels and entering interstitial space.
  • Causes:
    • Increased hydrostatic pressure (pushing force).
    • Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure (pulling force, due to low albumin).

Causes of Fluid Volume Imbalance

  • Excessive water loss:

    • Causes: inadequate water intake, vomiting/diarrhea, hemorrhage, high fever, burns, diuretics, nasogastric tube.
    • Symptoms: low blood pressure, dizziness, weight loss, tachycardia, concentrated urine, poor skin turgor, headache, and muscle cramps.

  • SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH):

    • Definition: excessive ADH = excessive water reabsorption.
    • Fluid overload signs and symptoms: elevated blood pressure, hyponatremia (irritability, confusion, headache, muscle cramps), pulmonary congestion, concentrated urine (high specific gravity/dark urine, high urine osmolality), edema, and water intoxication.

Electrolytes

  • Sodium (Na+): 135-145 mEq/L. Regulates fluid volume and movement.

    • Hyponatremia: low sodium.
    • Hypernatremia: high sodium.

  • Potassium (K+): 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. Regulates cardiac muscle conduction.

    • Hypokalemia: low potassium, delayed repolarization.
    • Hyperkalemia: high potassium, sharp T-waves

  • Calcium (Ca2+): 9.0-10.5 mEq/L. Regulates muscle contraction and blood coagulation.

    • Hypocalcemia: low calcium, Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs.
    • Hypercalcemia: high calcium.

  • Phosphate (PO4): 2.5-4.5 mg/dL. Important for bone density and cell membrane stability.

    • Hypophosphatemia: low phosphate
    • Hyperphosphatemia: high phosphate.

  • Magnesium (Mg2+): 1.3-2.1 mEq/L. Acts as a muscle relaxant, regulates blood pressure.

    • Hypomagnesemia: low magnesium.
    • Hypermagnesemia: high magnesium.

Acid/Base Balance

  • Buffer System:

    • Serum: immediate buffering.
    • Respiratory (CO2): relatively rapid buffering.
    • Renal: slow buffering.

  • Respiratory Imbalances: Affect carbon dioxide levels.

  • Metabolic Imbalances: Affect bicarbonate levels.

  • Clinical Features of Acid/Base Imbalances: Include normal respiratory rate, PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide), and PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial oxygen) levels.

  • Acid/Base Imbalances: Including normal pH values of 7.35-7.45, and high/low/normal PaCO2 and HCO3 levels (arterial concentration of bicarbonate).

  • Anion Gap: A laboratory test that assesses electrolyte imbalances (used to determine the cause of acidosis).

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Patho Week 1 Fluid and Electrolytes PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of fluid distribution, regulation, and balance in the human body as presented in Module 1, Week 1. It focuses on the roles of intracellular and extracellular fluid, as well as key physiological mechanisms such as the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and the impact of hormones like ADH. Test your knowledge on these foundational topics in nursing.

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