Nucleotides: Structure, Functions, and Disorders

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What is the primary function of nucleotides in all cells?

Function as structural components of lipids

Act as building blocks for proteins

Are the main storage form of genetic information

Serve as metabolic regulators (correct)

Which of the following is true regarding nucleotide derivatives?

They are not involved in biosynthetic processes

They primarily function as enzymes

They serve as the structural components of cell membranes

They are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (correct)

What is a consequence of defects in nucleotide metabolism?

Decreased risk of human disorders

Increased production of ATP

Association with some human disorders (correct)

Enhanced cell signaling activation

How do several drugs used to treat cancer and bacterial infections typically function?

At the level of nucleotide metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotide serves as the major currency of energy in all cells?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the group of three nucleotides that encode an amino acid in the genetic code?

Codons Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the degeneracy of the genetic code?

Some amino acids have more than one codon Signup and view all the answers

What is typically discarded during RNA processing?

Introns Signup and view all the answers

In the genetic code, what do codons represent?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction in which codons are read by the translation machinery?

5' to 3' Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the genetic code ensures that each triplet specifies only one amino acid?

Unambiguity Signup and view all the answers

What amino acid replaces glutamic acid in the HbS molecule found in sickle cell anemia?

Valine Signup and view all the answers

In sickle-cell disease, which nucleotide change can lead to the production of an abnormal protein?

Adenine to thymine Signup and view all the answers

The AB blood type is an example of what genetic phenomenon?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic concept is exemplified when both alleles for A and B blood groups are dominant to the i allele?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

What genetic term describes a scenario where one gene affects multiple phenotypic characters?

Pleiotropy Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type combination showcases two non-identical alleles that are both displayed?

(IAIB) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the structure of a tRNA molecule?

A tRNA molecule looks like a cloverleaf when flattened into one plane due to base pairing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of tRNA?

Hydrogen bonds help tRNA twist and fold into a three-dimensional molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the wobble hypothesis in genetic translation?

The wobble hypothesis states that base pairing rules are relaxed at the third position of the codon. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the wobble hypothesis, what is meant by 'wobble'?

'Wobble' describes the flexibility in base pairing at the third position of the codon. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the third position of a codon particularly important according to the wobble hypothesis?

The third position allows for redundancy in codons coding for the same amino acid due to wobble. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tRNA from other RNA molecules based on its structure?

tRNA forms a cloverleaf shape when flattened, unlike other RNA molecules. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetics, what does the term 'norm of reaction' refer to?

The phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment Signup and view all the answers

Why do hydrangea flowers of the same genotype range from blue-violet to pink?

Depending on soil acidity Signup and view all the answers

What type of characters exhibit broad norms of reaction and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

Polygenic characters Signup and view all the answers

If unattached earlobes are dominant to attached earlobes, what is the probability that two parents with unattached earlobes will have a child with attached earlobes?

0% Signup and view all the answers

Based on the pedigree provided, what inheritance pattern does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) follow?

X-linked recessive disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene located on the Y chromosome that encodes the proteins determining maleness?

SRY gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic basis of Down Syndrome?

Extra copy of chromosome 21 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from an extra X chromosome in males?

Klinefelter syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Turner syndrome individuals?

Fertility in females Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome results from a specific deletion in chromosome 5?

Cri du chat syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between maternal age and the frequency of Down syndrome?

Frequency increases with maternal age Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by a missing chromosome in females?

Monosomy X Signup and view all the answers