Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of DNA ligase in DNA synthesis?

  • To synthesize the leading strand continuously
  • To remove RNA primers from the lagging strand
  • To join Okazaki fragments together (correct)
  • To replicate the parental DNA strand

    • Which of the following nitrogenous bases is present in RNA but not in DNA?

  • Thymine
  • Uracil (correct)
  • Cytosine
  • Adenine

    • What is the unique structural characteristic of RNA compared to DNA?

  • RNA contains two strands
  • RNA contains ribose sugar (correct)
  • RNA has thymine as a base
  • RNA is more stable than DNA

    • What is represented by the triplet code in a gene?

    <p>It specifies the start and stop of amino acid sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a gene?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different triplet codons can be formed with four bases?

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does mRNA synthesis occur?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the shape of protein molecules?

    <p>They depend on the exact sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?

    <p>Amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pairing of bases forms 3 hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Guanine and Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ATP is incorrect?

    <p>It is primarily a structural component of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many strands do DNA molecules consist of?

    <p>Double-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the bases of nucleic acids?

    <p>Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines?

    <p>Purines have a double-ring structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes DNA strand orientation?

    <p>Strands are antiparallel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds connect the deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups in a DNA polynucleotide strand?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly describes the directionality of DNA strands?

    <p>One strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

    <p>To break hydrogen bonds between base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by complementary base pairing in DNA structure?

    <p>Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the semi-conservative replication process of DNA?

    <p>One strand is from the parental DNA and one is newly synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize new strands?

    <p>From 5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results in a change of amino acid coding and affects subsequent triplet codons in the DNA sequence?

    <p>Insertion mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation type is characterized by the deletion of a nucleotide from the DNA sequence?

    <p>Deletion mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a substitution mutation differ from insertion and deletion mutations?

    <p>It only changes the amino acid for the triplet it occurs in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a nonsense mutation?

    <p>It results in a premature stop codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation results in no change to the amino acid sequence despite a change in the DNA?

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What result do frameshift mutations typically have on the final protein structure?

    <p>They may drastically alter the protein's shape and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with a missense mutation?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general outcome for most mutations in terms of polypeptide structure and function?

    <p>They typically do not alter the polypeptide structure greatly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a gene is transcribed into mRNA?

    <p>A single-stranded RNA molecule is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does RNA polymerase play in the formation of mRNA?

    <p>It forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of the mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During splicing, what happens to the introns in the primary transcript?

    <p>Introns are removed entirely from the molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reaching a 'stop' codon during translation?

    <p>The amino acid chain is released as a completed polypeptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gene mutations is accurate?

    <p>Gene mutations occur continuously and can alter protein structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an insertion mutation?

    <p>A new nucleotide with a different base is added to the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In translation, the role of tRNA is to:

    <p>Transport amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes the template strand of DNA in transcription?

    <p>It serves as a template for mRNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

    • Nucleic acids, like DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are polynucleotides.
    • Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
    • Nucleotides consist of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (5 carbon atoms), and a phosphate group.

    Nucleotide Structure

    • Nitrogenous bases are categorized as purines (adenine, guanine), which have a double ring structure, or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil), which have a single ring structure.
    • DNA bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
    • RNA bases: adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
    • DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
    • The sugar-phosphate backbone is formed by phosphodiester bonds, linking the 5' carbon of one sugar to the 3' carbon of the next.

    DNA Structure

    • DNA is a double-stranded helix.
    • The two strands are antiparallel (run in opposite directions).
    • The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C).
    • A-T has two hydrogen bonds, C-G has three hydrogen bonds.

    DNA Replication

    • Replication is semi-conservative: each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original (parental) DNA and one newly synthesized strand.
    • DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.
    • DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the exposed template strands.
    • Leading strand synthesis is continuous, lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous (Okazaki fragments).
    • DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments.

    RNA Structure

    • RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
    • The sugar is ribose.
    • The bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

    Protein Synthesis

    • Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
    • Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from a DNA template strand in the nucleus.
    • mRNA carries the genetic code to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
    • Translation is the process of assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. It happens in the ribosome.

    Gene Mutation

    • Mutations involve changes in the DNA sequence.
    • Types of mutations include insertions, deletions, and substitutions.
    • Insertions and deletions can cause frameshift mutations, significantly altering the protein sequence beyond the site of the mutation.
    • Substitutions may or may not change the amino acid sequence, leading to silent, missense, or nonsense mutations.
    • Mutations affect the final polypeptide's shape and function.

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    Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, and their roles in protein synthesis. This quiz covers nucleotide structure, types of nitrogenous bases, and the unique characteristics of DNA and RNA. Challenge yourself to understand the molecular foundations of genetics.

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