Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
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Questions and Answers

What are the three components that make up a nucleotide?

  • Nitrogenous base, glucose, phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group (correct)
  • Fatty acid, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
  • Amino acid, ribose sugar, phosphate group

    • Which sugar is found in RNA?

  • Glucose
  • Deoxyribose
  • Fructose
  • Ribose (correct)

    • How many hydrogen bonds are present between adenine and thymine in DNA?

  • 1 hydrogen bond
  • 2 hydrogen bonds (correct)
  • No hydrogen bonds
  • 3 hydrogen bonds

    • What type of structure do purines have?

    <p>Double ring structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

    <p>To provide energy for cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes DNA from RNA?

    <p>Number of strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is a pyrimidine?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups in a DNA strand?

    <p>Covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two strands of DNA oriented relative to each other?

    <p>Antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>To catalyze the bonding of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the base pairs in DNA held together by?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about complementary base pairing is correct?

    <p>Adenine pairs with Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During semi-conservative DNA replication, what happens to the parental DNA strands?

    <p>They act as templates for new strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction does DNA polymerase build the new strand during replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA helicase during DNA replication?

    <p>To break hydrogen bonds between base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>To bond the sugar-phosphate groups of RNA nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to introns during the processing of mRNA?

    <p>They are spliced out and removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain occur?

    <p>At the ribosome in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a result of the translation process?

    <p>A completed amino acid chain (polypeptide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a gene mutation?

    <p>A change in the sequence of base pairs in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an insertion mutation?

    <p>A nucleotide with a new base is added to the sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the tRNA molecule recognizes codons on the mRNA?

    <p>Triplet anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stop codon during translation?

    <p>It signals for the termination of the polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the synthesis of the leading strand from the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a gene?

    <p>A segment of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

    <p>It joins Okazaki fragments together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is unique to RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>Contains uracil instead of thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do codons within a gene relate to amino acids?

    <p>Each codon codes for a single specific amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To transport genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the genetic code considered degenerate?

    <p>Due to the presence of multiple codons coding for the same amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links nucleotides together within a single RNA strand?

    <p>Covalent phosphodiester bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an insertion mutation on a DNA sequence?

    <p>It alters the grouping of triplet codons downstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation can result in a complete loss of function for a polypeptide?

    <p>Nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of substitution mutations?

    <p>They involve swapping a base in the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do frameshift mutations generally affect protein synthesis?

    <p>They can alter the translation of all downstream codons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mutations typically has the least impact on the final polypeptide?

    <p>Substitution mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is exemplified by sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Missense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about deletion mutations is accurate?

    <p>They can lead to frameshift mutations like insertions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a potential outcome of mutations in genes?

    <p>Some mutations result in altered polypeptides that do not function properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

    • Nucleic acids include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
    • Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
    • A nucleotide has three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
    • Nitrogenous bases are either purines (adenine, guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).
    • Purines have a double-ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single-ring structure.
    • Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA.
    • Ribose is the sugar in RNA.
    • DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix. RNA is single-stranded..
    • Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) in DNA, and with uracil (U) in RNA.
    • Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) in both DNA and RNA.
    • In DNA, A-T bonds form two hydrogen bonds, and G-C bonds form three hydrogen bonds
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy-carrying molecule used in many cellular processes.

    DNA Structure

    • DNA molecules consist of two antiparallel polynucleotide strands.
    • The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C).
    • The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of the DNA strand.
    • The strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel). One strand is 5' to 3', and the other is 3' to 5'.
    • Phosphodiester bonds connect the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of the next.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is semi-conservative.
    • DNA helicase unwinds the double helix.
    • Free-floating nucleotides pair with complementary bases on the template strands.
    • DNA polymerase catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, creating new strands.
    • DNA polymerase works in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • Leading strand replication is continuous; lagging strand replication is discontinuous (Okazaki fragments).
    • DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments.

    RNA Structure

    • RNA is a single-stranded polynucleotide.
    • RNA contains the sugar ribose.
    • RNA bases include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).
    • RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Protein synthesis involves two main stages: transcription and translation.
    • Transcription occurs in the nucleus. DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
    • mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome.
    • Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. rRNA and tRNA work together to translate the mRNA code into a protein.

    Gene Mutations

    • Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence.
    • Insertions, deletions, and substitutions are types of mutations.
    • Mutations can affect the amino acid sequence of a protein, leading to changes in the protein's structure and function.

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    Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA. It details the components of nucleotides, base pairing, and the significance of ATP in cellular processes. Test your understanding of the molecular basis of genetics and protein synthesis.

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