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Questions and Answers
What prevents the translation of mRNA into protein?
What prevents the translation of mRNA into protein?
What type of reaction catalyzes nucleotide addition in nucleic acids?
What type of reaction catalyzes nucleotide addition in nucleic acids?
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is FALSE?
During nucleic acid polymerization, nucleotides are added to which end of the growing strand?
During nucleic acid polymerization, nucleotides are added to which end of the growing strand?
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Which base pairs with adenine in RNA?
Which base pairs with adenine in RNA?
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What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA synthesis?
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA synthesis?
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What type of bond occurs between complementary DNA bases?
What type of bond occurs between complementary DNA bases?
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What distinguishes the sugar in RNA from that in DNA?
What distinguishes the sugar in RNA from that in DNA?
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What defines the primary structure of nucleic acids?
What defines the primary structure of nucleic acids?
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Which of the following structures corresponds to RNA's secondary structure?
Which of the following structures corresponds to RNA's secondary structure?
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What represents the quaternary structure in nucleic acids?
What represents the quaternary structure in nucleic acids?
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Which pair of scientists are credited with determining the double helical structure of DNA?
Which pair of scientists are credited with determining the double helical structure of DNA?
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Given that 30% of a DNA sequence is adenine (A), what percent of thymine (T) would be expected?
Given that 30% of a DNA sequence is adenine (A), what percent of thymine (T) would be expected?
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How does the orientation of the DNA strands relate to their antiparallel nature?
How does the orientation of the DNA strands relate to their antiparallel nature?
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What is the primary structural unit of both DNA and RNA?
What is the primary structural unit of both DNA and RNA?
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Which nucleic acid is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
Which nucleic acid is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
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What is the purpose of X-ray crystallography in the study of DNA?
What is the purpose of X-ray crystallography in the study of DNA?
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What type of bond connects nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?
What type of bond connects nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?
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What is indicated by the presence of a pseudoknot in RNA?
What is indicated by the presence of a pseudoknot in RNA?
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Which nucleotide transition correctly demonstrates the process of DNA polymerization?
Which nucleotide transition correctly demonstrates the process of DNA polymerization?
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In what direction is nucleic acid synthesized?
In what direction is nucleic acid synthesized?
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Which of the following describes a significant difference between DNA and RNA?
Which of the following describes a significant difference between DNA and RNA?
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Which RNA type plays a role in the structure of ribosomes?
Which RNA type plays a role in the structure of ribosomes?
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What process describes the flow of information from DNA to RNA?
What process describes the flow of information from DNA to RNA?
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What is the primary effect of heating purified DNA to 94°C?
What is the primary effect of heating purified DNA to 94°C?
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What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in gene expression?
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in gene expression?
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Which nucleotides act as an energy source in protein synthesis?
Which nucleotides act as an energy source in protein synthesis?
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What feature of the DNA base sequences can be used to reveal evolutionary relationships?
What feature of the DNA base sequences can be used to reveal evolutionary relationships?
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What is the meaning of semiconservative DNA replication?
What is the meaning of semiconservative DNA replication?
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Which statement correctly describes the function of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?
Which statement correctly describes the function of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?
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In the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct order of the processes?
In the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct order of the processes?
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What does the DNA base sequence provide information about?
What does the DNA base sequence provide information about?
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Which animal is most closely related to the Chimpanzee based on the DNA sequences described?
Which animal is most closely related to the Chimpanzee based on the DNA sequences described?
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Study Notes
Nucleic Acids & Central Dogma
- Nucleic acids store genetic information. DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, found in bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and some viruses (like chickenpox, HPV, and HIV). RNA is ribonucleic acid, also found in some viruses (like influenza, poliovirus, and HIV)
- DNA's structural unit is a nucleotide. RNA's structural unit is also a nucleotide. These differ in the sugar (deoxyribose vs ribose) and one of the nitrogenous bases (thymine vs uracil).
- DNA polymerization occurs from the 5’ to 3’ direction, with a new nucleotide added to the 3’ end.
- Nucleotides polymerize via phosphodiester linkages. This forms a condensation reaction.
- DNA polymerase is responsible for the catalysis of DNA polymerization
- dNMP + dNTP → dNMPn+1 + PPi.
- Complementary base pairing: A pairs with T (in DNA) or U (in RNA) and C pairs with G. This pairing uses hydrogen bonds.
- DNA has 4 structural levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- Scientists involved in discovering DNA's structure include Oswald Avery, Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson and Francis Crick.
- DNA is used to estimate evolutionary relationships.
- Special nucleotides, such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate), GTP (guanosine triphosphate), and cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), have other important functions like energy, signaling, and protein synthesis.
- RNA and DNA differ in the type of sugar (deoxyribose vs ribose), and one base (thymine vs uracil). RNA is typically single-stranded, while DNA is typically double-stranded.
- Information flows from DNA (genes) to RNA to protein.
- The central dogma explains how information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
- Small RNAs regulate gene expression and are involved in cell differentiation and development. These molecules can control the expression of mRNA.
- The DNA double helix has a sugar-phosphate backbone and bases (A, T, C, and G) inside. They run antiparallel (opposite directions).
- DNA and RNA differ in their primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.
- During DNA replication, identical copies of DNA are made. This is a semi-conservative process.
- Both DNA and RNA contain nucleotides with bases, sugars, and phosphates which are connected by phosphodiester bonds.
- Different levels of nucleic acid structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) exist, each describing the organization at varying scales. For example, chromatin is the quaternary structure of DNA, while helical structures are examples of tertiary structure.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of nucleic acids and the Central Dogma of molecular biology. This quiz covers key topics such as DNA and RNA structure, nucleotide polymerization, and the role of DNA polymerase in genetic information storage. Test your knowledge on how these vital molecules contribute to life.
