North vs South: Slavery and States' Rights
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Questions and Answers

Which factor most significantly contributed to the economic divergence between the North and the South prior to the Civil War?

  • The North's implementation of protectionist tariffs that benefited Southern agriculture.
  • The North's dependence on slave labor for agricultural production, while the South utilized paid workers in factories.
  • The South's reliance on industrial manufacturing, while the North focused on agricultural exports.
  • The South's agricultural economy dependent on enslaved labor versus the North's industrialized economy using paid labor. (correct)

How did the Nullification Crisis highlight the tensions between state and federal power in the lead up to the Civil War?

  • It demonstrated the federal government's willingness to negotiate with states on issues of taxation and economic policy, leading to lasting compromises.
  • It showcased a state defying federal law, asserting its right to invalidate measures it deemed unconstitutional, thus challenging federal supremacy. (correct)
  • It led to a constitutional amendment clarifying the division of powers between state and federal governments, resolving the issue of nullification.
  • It reinforced the principle of federal supremacy, as the federal government successfully enforced its laws over the objections of individual states without exception.

How did the Georgia Platform relate to the Compromise of 1850, and what impact did it have on the escalating tensions over slavery?

  • The Georgia Platform aimed to abolish slavery gradually, easing tensions and promoting reconciliation between the North and South.
  • The Georgia Platform rejected the Compromise of 1850 entirely, increasing tensions by threatening immediate secession.
  • The Georgia Platform supported the Compromise of 1850 but demanded additional concessions from the North, further escalating tensions.
  • The Georgia Platform conditionally accepted the Compromise of 1850, delaying secession but warning that non-compliance with the Fugitive Slave Act would result in secession. (correct)

In what way did Dred Scott v. Sandford intensify the divide between the North and the South, pushing the nation closer to Civil War?

<p>It effectively legalized slavery in all US territories, denying enslaved people citizenship and invalidating earlier compromises on slavery’s expansion, galvanizing abolitionist sentiment in the North. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 a tipping point that led directly to the secession of Southern states?

<p>Lincoln's success, despite not even being on the ballot in many Southern states, signaled the South's loss of political influence and fears of federal policies against slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategic implication did the Union blockade have on the Confederacy's ability to sustain its war effort?

<p>It severely hampered the Confederacy's ability to export cotton and import essential goods, weakening its economy and military. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond the immediate issue of slavery, how did differing interpretations of states' rights contribute to the outbreak of the Civil War?

<p>The South utilized states' rights as a constitutional justification to protect slavery and resist federal authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Alexander Stephens's argument against secession in Georgia, considering the state's eventual decision?

<p>Stephens's warning highlighted the potential consequences of secession, though it was ultimately discarded, showcasing the deep divisions within Georgia over the issue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the long-term impact of the Dred Scott decision on the legal and political landscape of the United States?

<p>It contributed to the rise of the Republican Party and deepened sectional divisions, making compromise on slavery virtually impossible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given these factors, what conclusion can be made regarding the preventability of the Civil War?

<p>The Civil War was inevitable due to deeply entrenched, irreconcilable differences that made peaceful resolution impossible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did blockades impact the Confederacy's ability to sustain its war effort, and what strategies did the Confederacy employ to mitigate these effects?

<p>Blockades severely restricted the Confederacy's access to essential goods, leading to widespread shortages and economic hardship, which they attempted to alleviate through blockade runners and increased domestic production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What considerations motivated Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, and what limitations were integrated into its framework to address political and social sensitivities?

<p>Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation as a strategic measure to shift the war's focus, undermine the Confederacy's labor force, and galvanize support in the North, while carefully excluding border states to maintain their allegiance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Battle of Chickamauga strategically influence subsequent military actions in the Western Theater, and what critical resource disparity experienced by Union forces was addressed in its aftermath?

<p>The Battle of Chickamauga, despite being a Union defeat, prompted the Union Army to address its deficiencies in weaponry by re-supplying with repeating rifles, enabling them to regain momentum in the Western Theater. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the strategic significance of Atlanta to the Confederacy, and how did Sherman's Atlanta Campaign impact both military operations and civilian infrastructure?

<p>Atlanta served as a critical industrial center for the Confederacy, and Sherman's campaign aimed to cripple this production capacity through intense battles and the eventual burning of the city. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the intended purpose and far-reaching consequences of Sherman's March to the Sea on the Confederacy's war effort and its civilian population.

<p>Sherman's March to the Sea intended to cripple the Confederacy's infrastructure and morale by waging total war on its civilian population, leading to widespread destruction and a collapse in Southern fighting spirit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions fostered the appalling mortality rates at Andersonville prison, what repercussions did Confederate authorities face after the war?

<p>Andersonville prison suffered from severe overcrowding, disease, and starvation due to Confederate resource shortages, which led to the execution of its commander, Major Henry Wirz, after the war. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did sharecropping and tenant farming perpetuate economic disparities in the post-Civil War South, and what distinct advantages did tenant farmers possess compared to sharecroppers?

<p>Sharecropping and tenant farming trapped many former slaves and poor whites in a cycle of debt and poverty, with tenant farmers having slightly greater autonomy and potential for profit due to owning their own tools and equipment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the Freedmen's Bureau attempt to address the multifaceted needs of formerly enslaved individuals in the South, and what impact did their efforts have on the region's social and educational institutions?

<p>The Freedmen's Bureau provided comprehensive support to former slaves, including food, medical care, legal assistance, and educational opportunities, while also establishing colleges and public schools that had a lasting impact on the region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Ku Klux Klan strategically undermine the rights and freedoms of African Americans during Reconstruction, and what tactics did they employ to achieve their objectives?

<p>The Ku Klux Klan employed violence, intimidation, and disenfranchisement to systematically deny black people their rights as citizens and undermine the efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key distinctions differentiate the Lincoln, Johnson, and Congressional Reconstruction plans, and to what extent did these plans address the economic and social inequalities prevalent in the post-Civil War South?

<p>The Lincoln and Johnson plans prioritized leniency toward the South and rapid reunification, while the Congressional plan sought to punish the South and protect the rights of African Americans, though none of the plans fully addressed systemic inequalities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

North vs. South

The North was primarily industrial and against slavery, while the South was agricultural and relied on slave labor.

Nullification Doctrine

Belief that state governments' rights were more important than federal laws; states could choose which federal laws to follow.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina nullified a tariff; President Jackson threatened war, leading to a compromise.

Compromise of 1850

California was admitted as a free state, the slave trade was stopped in D.C., and the Fugitive Slave Act was passed.

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Georgia Platform

If the North did not comply with the Fugitive Slave Act, Georgia would secede from the Union.

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Dred Scott Case

Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom but the Supreme Court ruled against him, stating slaves were property.

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Slavery Legalized

The Supreme Court decision effectively legalized slavery in all territories.

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Election of 1860

Lincoln won the election without being on Southern ballots, angering the South.

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Lincoln's War Goal

Lincoln's initial goal was to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery.

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Union Blockade

The Union set up a naval blockade along the Confederate coastline to prevent supplies from reaching the South after Fort Sumter.

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Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to prevent supplies from reaching Confederate ports.

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Emancipation Proclamation

President Lincoln's declaration that slaves in Confederate territories were free (though it had limited immediate impact).

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Battle of Chickamauga

Confederate victory in Georgia, and the largest Union defeat that led to the Union retreating to Chattanooga.

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Sherman's Atlanta Campaign

Series of battles around Atlanta, ultimately leading to the city's capture by Union forces.

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Sherman's March to the Sea

Destructive march from Atlanta to Savannah, aiming to cripple the Confederacy's will to fight.

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Andersonville

Confederate prison camp in Georgia known for its harsh conditions and high death toll among Union prisoners.

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Reconstruction

Post-Civil War era focused on rebuilding the South.

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Sharecropping

System where farmers rented land and paid with a portion of their crop.

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Freedmen's Bureau

Federal agency assisting former slaves with resources and opportunities.

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Ku Klux Klan

Group that used violence and intimidation to suppress black rights.

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Study Notes

  • The two main issues dividing the North and South were slavery and states' rights.

Differences In the North

  • Industrial economy
  • Characterized by free labor
  • Paid workers
  • Morally opposed to slavery (abolitionist)

Differences In the South

  • Agricultural economy
  • Characterized by slave labor
  • Cheap labor
  • Slavery was accepted as a way of life

Nullification Doctrine & Crisis

  • Nullification Doctrine emphasizes states' rights over federal laws.
  • States believed they could choose which federal laws to follow, nullifying unwanted ones.
  • South Carolina nullified a tariff on European imports, leading to the Nullification Crisis.
  • President Jackson threatened war, but a compromise was reached.

Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform

  • California was admitted as a free state due to the Gold Rush.
  • The slave trade was stopped in Washington D.C.
  • The Fugitive Slave Act was passed, requiring the North to return escaped slaves.
  • Anyone caught aiding escaping slaves faced arrest.
  • The Georgia Platform stated that Georgia would secede if the North did not comply with the Fugitive Slave Act.

Dred Scott Case

  • Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom after living in free states and territories.
  • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Scott, stating that slaves were property, not citizens.
  • The ruling legalized slavery, angering Northerners and leading to the formation of the Republican Party.

Election of 1860

  • Republican Abraham Lincoln won the election, despite not being on any Southern ballots.
  • Lincoln garnered 180 electoral college votes
  • The Democrat vote was split.
  • The South was angered by Lincoln's victory, fearing he would end slavery.
  • Lincoln's initial goal was to preserve the Union.

Debate Over Secession in Georgia

  • South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860, as the first state to do so.
  • Georgia delegates debated secession in January 1861.
  • Alexander Stephens advised against secession, warning of potential war.
  • On January 19, 1861, Georgia voted to secede by 208 to 89.
  • The Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed, with Jefferson Davis as President.

Georgia’s Role in the Civil War

  • The Union established a blockade after the CSA attacked Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.
  • Union ships blocked supplies from entering Southern ports, known as the Anaconda Plan.
  • Fort Pulaski fell to the Union, removing Savannah from the war.
  • Blockade runners bypassed the blockade to deliver supplies.

The Emancipation Proclamation

  • President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring slaves in the CSA free.
  • The Proclamation did not free slaves in border states.
  • It shifted the war's focus to freeing slaves and encouraged abolitionists and black people to join the Union Army.

Battle of Chickamauga (1863)

  • The Battle of Chickamauga was the first major Civil War battle in Georgia.
  • It resulted in a Confederate victory and a significant Union defeat.
  • The Union Army retreated to Chattanooga, TN, and resupplied.

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign

  • The Atlanta Campaign involved battles around Atlanta to prevent its capture by the Union Army.
  • Atlanta, an important industrial hub for the CSA, eventually fell to Sherman's Army on September 1, 1864.
  • Atlanta was burned, with some fires set by both sides.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

  • After capturing Atlanta, Sherman's army marched towards Savannah, destroying property.
  • The Union Army targeted civilians, burning homes, businesses, and destroying infrastructure.
  • The goal was to crush the South's spirit.
  • On December 21, 1864, Savannah was spared from burning and presented to President Lincoln as a Christmas gift.
  • The Confederacy surrendered in April 1865.

Andersonville

  • Andersonville, GA, was a notorious CSA prison camp (Fort Sumter).
  • Approximately 45,000 captured Union soldiers were held there.
  • Over 13,000 POWs died from disease, starvation, and exposure.
  • Major Henry Wirz, the prison's commander, was the only CSA soldier executed after the war.

Impact of Reconstruction on Georgia

  • Reconstruction was the period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South.

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

  • Former slaves and poor whites became sharecroppers, renting land and working for a share of the crops.
  • Sharecroppers often remained in debt.
  • Tenant farmers rented only land, making more money than sharecroppers.

Freedmen’s Bureau

  • The federal government formed the Freedmen's Bureau to assist former slaves in the South.
  • The Bureau provided food, medical care, clothing, and legal help.
  • It founded colleges like Morehouse and Clark-Atlanta and started the first public school in Georgia.

Ku Klux Klan

  • The Ku Klux Klan originated as a Civil War veterans group.
  • It aimed to deny black people their rights through intimidation, violence, and murder.
  • The KKK worked against the Freedmen's Bureau.

Removal of Black legislators from the GA General Assembly

  • Under military rule, 32 Black legislators were elected to the GA General Assembly, including Henry McNeil Turner.
  • They faced racism and were expelled based on the pre-war GA Constitution.
  • Georgia had to change its constitution and reinstate the 32 men to rejoin the U.S.A.

Reconstruction Plans

  • Lincoln Plan: Focused on reuniting the nation with leniency towards the South.
    • Required 10% of people to pledge oath to the North
    • States had to rewrite their constitutions and free the slaves.
  • Johnson Plan: Similar to Lincoln's, requiring Southern states to ratify the 13th Amendment to rejoin the Union.
  • Congressional Plan: Radical Republicans aimed to punish the South.

Reconstruction Amendments

  • The 13th Amendment freed slaves.
  • The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to anyone born in the USA including former slaves.
  • The 15th Amendment gave freed male slaves the right to vote.

Timeline of Events

  • November 6, 1860: Lincoln elected
  • January 19, 1861: Georgia seceded
  • April 12, 1861: Civil War Began
  • April 12, 1861: Fort Sumter was attacked
  • January 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation was issued
  • September 19, 1863: Battle of Chickamauga
  • May 1864 to Sept 1864: Atlanta Campaign
  • November 15, 1864: Shermans’ March to the Sea
  • April 9, 1865: The Civil War ended

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Explore the economic and moral differences between the North and South, focusing on slavery and states' rights. Understand the Nullification Doctrine and the Compromise of 1850, including key events like the Nullification Crisis and the Georgia Platform, which heightened tensions.

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