Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a central focus of historical research?
Which of the following is a central focus of historical research?
- Predicting future societal trends based on current data.
- Conducting experiments to manipulate societal variables.
- Understanding how major societal changes have occurred. (correct)
- Gathering real-time data on social behaviours.
Historical research relies solely on direct observation of past events.
Historical research relies solely on direct observation of past events.
False (B)
What is 'bracketing' in the context of historical research using primary sources?
What is 'bracketing' in the context of historical research using primary sources?
Holding back knowledge of subsequent events and modern values.
In historical research, the term ______ refers to whether social roles, norms, or situations across different cultures or historical periods are equivalent and can be compared.
In historical research, the term ______ refers to whether social roles, norms, or situations across different cultures or historical periods are equivalent and can be compared.
Match the following types of data sources with their descriptions in historical research:
Match the following types of data sources with their descriptions in historical research:
Which of the following is a key difference between historical research and field research?
Which of the following is a key difference between historical research and field research?
In historical research, replication is generally considered highly realistic due to the objective nature of historical facts.
In historical research, replication is generally considered highly realistic due to the objective nature of historical facts.
What is the main challenge when researchers reconstruct the past based on historical data?
What is the main challenge when researchers reconstruct the past based on historical data?
In historical research, the researcher immerses themselves in the context of their study to understand details, but must also be aware that they can ascribe different ______ to events.
In historical research, the researcher immerses themselves in the context of their study to understand details, but must also be aware that they can ascribe different ______ to events.
Match each step with a description of historical research:
Match each step with a description of historical research:
What is a key characteristic of primary sources in historical research?
What is a key characteristic of primary sources in historical research?
The primary goal of using primary sources in historical research is to avoid any subjective interpretation of the past.
The primary goal of using primary sources in historical research is to avoid any subjective interpretation of the past.
What does it mean to read historical data with the 'eyes of a contemporary'?
What does it mean to read historical data with the 'eyes of a contemporary'?
In historical research, ______ refers to the idea that historical records often favour the voices of dominant groups, potentially marginalizing others.
In historical research, ______ refers to the idea that historical records often favour the voices of dominant groups, potentially marginalizing others.
Match what should be considered when using primary data:
Match what should be considered when using primary data:
What is the primary focus of qualitative content analysis?
What is the primary focus of qualitative content analysis?
Qualitative content analysis is primarily used to quantify the number of times certain keywords appear in a text.
Qualitative content analysis is primarily used to quantify the number of times certain keywords appear in a text.
What is the difference between 'manifest coding' and 'latent coding' in qualitative content analysis?
What is the difference between 'manifest coding' and 'latent coding' in qualitative content analysis?
In qualitative content analysis, ______ coding looks for the underlying, implied meaning in the content of text.
In qualitative content analysis, ______ coding looks for the underlying, implied meaning in the content of text.
Match the following data forms with whether it is helpful in qualitative content analysis:
Match the following data forms with whether it is helpful in qualitative content analysis:
When is latent coding most likely to be used?
When is latent coding most likely to be used?
Manifest coding is best suited for exploring complex, subjective meanings in a text.
Manifest coding is best suited for exploring complex, subjective meanings in a text.
How does considering a coding procedure subject to interpretation of qualitative content analysis reduce its value?
How does considering a coding procedure subject to interpretation of qualitative content analysis reduce its value?
An analysis of themes in advertising messages would be an example of a topic appropriate for ______.
An analysis of themes in advertising messages would be an example of a topic appropriate for ______.
Match the type of qualitative analysis with how it is applied:
Match the type of qualitative analysis with how it is applied:
How does bracketing help researchers?
How does bracketing help researchers?
It is important that direct observation is available when completing historical research.
It is important that direct observation is available when completing historical research.
Why is it difficult to use generalizations when completing historical research?
Why is it difficult to use generalizations when completing historical research?
Historical research relies on ______ and indirect data because it is impossible to directly observe past events.
Historical research relies on ______ and indirect data because it is impossible to directly observe past events.
Match each characteristic to their type of research:
Match each characteristic to their type of research:
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of qualitative research?
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of qualitative research?
Qualitative research has a wide scope for research questions that can be adressed.
Qualitative research has a wide scope for research questions that can be adressed.
What is the advantage of probability sampling techniques?
What is the advantage of probability sampling techniques?
A coding procedure is subject to what?
A coding procedure is subject to what?
Match the definition to the code:
Match the definition to the code:
Which of the following is not part of the process for writing a research report?
Which of the following is not part of the process for writing a research report?
When it comes to determining the definition it is important to only use outside sources.
When it comes to determining the definition it is important to only use outside sources.
Why do researchers avoid being bias?
Why do researchers avoid being bias?
Each researcher has a ______ way of analyzing past events.
Each researcher has a ______ way of analyzing past events.
Match the following code to the description:
Match the following code to the description:
Flashcards
Historical Research
Historical Research
A type of nonreactive qualitative research. Focuses on understanding the past through documents and other evidence.
Similarities to Field Research
Similarities to Field Research
Examining diversity of data and capturing subjective elements like feelings and activities.
Bracketing
Bracketing
Holding back knowledge to understand document meanings in its original context.
Contextual Equivalence
Contextual Equivalence
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Qualitative Content Analysis
Qualitative Content Analysis
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Qualitative Content Analysis
Qualitative Content Analysis
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Research Problems Appropriate for Qualitative Content Analysis
Research Problems Appropriate for Qualitative Content Analysis
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Manifest Coding
Manifest Coding
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Latent Coding
Latent Coding
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Summative Content Analysis
Summative Content Analysis
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Conventional Content Analysis
Conventional Content Analysis
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Directed Content Analysis
Directed Content Analysis
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Discourse Analysis
Discourse Analysis
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Advantages of Qualitative Content Analysis
Advantages of Qualitative Content Analysis
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Disadvantages of Qualitative Content Analysis
Disadvantages of Qualitative Content Analysis
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Study Notes
Nonreactive Qualitative Research
- Encompasses historical research and qualitative content analysis.
Research Questions for Historical Research
- Centers on big questions related to societal change and common features across societies.
- Examines how social arrangements take specific forms across different societies.
- Examples:
- Studies on same-sex marriage law changes in Canada and the USA.
- Studies on how Black history has been documented in textbooks.
Historical Research Similarities to Field Research
- Considers researcher's point of view and diversity of data, capturing feelings and activities.
- Employs an inductive approach, moving from data collection to theory.
- Requires researchers to penetrate and understand the subject’s point of view, even when it differs from their own.
- Focuses on process and sequence of events.
- Recognizes that generalizations and theory are limited due to the unique perspective each researcher brings, assembling a unique body of evidence.
Unique Features of Historical Research
- Uses limited and indirect evidence since direct observation is often impossible.
- Requires interpretation of evidence, acknowledging that different people can ascribe different meanings.
- Researchers immerse themselves and absorb the details about context.
- Reconstruction of the past can easily be distorted.
- Integrates both micro and macro elements (e.g., studying food, clothing, and sickness to understand immigration and labor markets).
Steps in Historical Research
- Conceptualizing the object of inquiry
- Locating evidence
- Evaluating the quality of evidence
- Organizing evidence
- Synthesizing
- Writing a report
Data and Evidence
- Primary Sources: Letters, diaries, newspapers, movies, clothing, photos found in archives, private collections, and family closets.
- Secondary Sources: Historians' writings which may contain inaccurate historical accounts.
- Running Records: Statistical documents maintained by organizations, such as church records of marriages and deaths.
- Recollections: Memories of past lives or experiences which can be distorted.
Research with Primary Sources
- Acknowledges that not much has survived into the present.
- Requires one to read with the eyes and assumptions of a contemporary.
- It can be very time consuming.
- Data is often incomplete and in various stages of decay.
- Bracketing is necessary to hold back knowledge of subsequent events and modern values
- It involves withholding moral judgement when it is inappropriate
Equivalence in Historical Research
- Contextual Equivalence: Considers whether social roles, norms, or situations across different cultures or historical periods are equivalent.
- Example: The meaning of attending university differs significantly today compared to 100 years ago.
- Conceptual Equivalence: Assesses whether the same ideas or concepts can be used across divergent cultural or historical settings.
- Colonial Equivalence: Recognizes that historical records often prioritize dominant voices.
- Example: In settler-colonizer societies, records primarily preserve the accounts of historically significant White men.
Qualitative Analysis of Text
- Involves analyzing text by coding themes, patterns, and linkages.
- Applicable to various forms of text, including books, newspaper articles, magazines, photographs, movies, commercials, TV programs, and advertisements.
Topics Appropriate for Qualitative Content Analysis
- Themes in popular songs.
- Religious symbols in hymns.
- Trends and tone of newspaper editorials.
- Sex-role stereotypes in textbooks or films.
- Enemy propaganda during wartime.
- Covers of popular magazines.
- Personality characteristics from suicide notes.
- Themes in advertising messages.
- Gender differences in conversations.
Research Problems for Qualitative Content Analysis
- Sorts large amounts of text into a manageable number of categories that reflect meanings
- Manifest Coding: coding based on a list of words, phrases, or symbols found in communication.
- Does not consider the connotation.
- Latent Coding: Looks for underlying or implied meaning
- It is less reliable, requires social awareness, and language knowledge.
- Example:
- Manifest (quant): The frequency of illicit drugs use in primetime TV
- Latent (qual): The way illicit drugs are portrayed in primetime TV
Types of Qualitative Content Analysis
- Summative: Uses manifest and latent codes.
- Conventional: Develops themes during the coding process and generates a theory.
- Directed: Begins with predetermined codes derived from theory.
Different Approaches to Content Analysis by Process
- Summative begins with keywords
- Directed begins with theory
- Conventional begins with observation
Discourse Analysis
- Analysis of texts focusing on creating knowledge and meaning through language.
- Focuses on how a specific topic is discussed across texts, the language used to frame these discussions, and creating knowledge and meaning through language.
Advantages of Qualitative Content Analysis
- Nonreactive research method.
- It can reveal implied meanings in texts
- Can employ probability sampling
- The research is relatively inexpensive
Disadvantages of Qualitative Content Analysis
- Only addresses a limited range of research questions
- Qualitative coding is subject to interpretation.
- Coding procedure is subject to interpretation.
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