Non-Specific Defenses of Newborns Immunology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemical barriers that protect the host?

  • Flushing away pathogens
  • Removing available iron to starve bacteria
  • Providing a neutral environment for bacteria to thrive (correct)
  • Producing enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls

    • What is the role of blood transferrins in the first line of host defense?

  • They produce enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls.
  • They bind to iron, making it unavailable for bacterial growth. (correct)
  • They flush away pathogens from the urinary and genital tracts.
  • They neutralize the acidic environment of the skin.

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal microbiota, the microbes that do not harm the host?

  • They compete with pathogenic microbes for resources and space. (correct)
  • They require a neutral pH environment to thrive.
  • They are easily destroyed by the host's immune system.
  • They produce harmful toxins that damage the host's cells.

    • What is the primary function of lysozymes in the first line of host defense?

    <p>They break down the cell walls of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gastric juices contribute to the first line of host defense?

    <p>They contain hydrochloric acid that destroys most bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemical barriers that protect the host?

    <p>Regulating the body's pH to maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the normal microbiota in the first line of host defense?

    <p>They compete with pathogenic microbes for resources and space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do blood transferrins contribute to the first line of host defense?

    <p>They remove available iron, which is necessary for bacterial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells play a role only in adaptive immunity?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells are known as the first responders during an infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phagocytes during an infection?

    <p>Engulfment of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of phagocytosis involves the attachment of phagocytes to the surface of pathogens?

    <p>Adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed when a phagosome merges with a lysosome inside a phagocyte?

    <p>Phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which pathogens evade phagocytosis?

    <p>Evasion through molecular mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells release chemical signals (cytokines) to attract phagocytes during an infection?

    <p>Pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are dendritic cells typically found in the body?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a pathogen that produces a capsule to evade phagocytes?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Leukocidins, a toxin produced by some bacteria, helps them evade the immune system?

    <p>Leukocidins form pores in the cell membranes of phagocytes, killing them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a bacterium that uses mycolic acid, a waxy lipid, to inhibit the lysosomal enzymes of phagocytes?

    <p>Mycobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response, as described in the text?

    <p>To get rid of the pathogen causing the inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of inflammation?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which fever helps the body get rid of pathogens, according to the text?

    <p>Fever induces the release of cytokines that promote the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of inflammation described in the text?

    <p>Phagocytes release enzymes to break down the damaged tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytokines released during the inflammatory response, according to the text?

    <p>To recruit phagocytes to the site of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific to a particular microbe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense in innate immunity?

    <p>Phagocytosis, which involves the ingestion of microbes by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about adaptive immunity is correct?

    <p>It has an immunological memory that allows for a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposures to the same microbe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the third line of defense in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Inflammation, which is a process that involves the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fever in the body's defense against pathogens?

    <p>To enhance the activity of immune cells and create an unfavorable environment for pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the innate immune system is correct?

    <p>It is present from birth and provides a rapid immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the second line of defense in innate immunity?

    <p>Phagocytosis, which involves the ingestion of microbes by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?

    <p>To recognize and respond specifically to a particular microbe, with the ability to develop immunological memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of complement proteins?

    <p>To facilitate the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some bacteria defend against the complement system?

    <p>They produce protease enzymes that destroy complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are interferons (IFNs)?

    <p>Small proteins produced by animal host cells in response to viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of interferons (IFNs)?

    <p>IFNs bind to uninfected neighboring cells and induce the production of antiviral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about interferons (IFNs) is correct?

    <p>IFNs are released by infected animal cells to alert neighboring cells of a potential viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial event that triggers the production of interferons (IFNs) in animal host cells?

    <p>A viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the antiviral action of interferons (IFNs) is incorrect?

    <p>IFNs are effective against both viral and bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a step in the mechanism of action of interferons (IFNs)?

    <p>IFNs directly neutralize viral particles in the infected animal host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

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