Non-Specific Defenses of Newborns Immunology

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Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemical barriers that protect the host?

Flushing away pathogens

Removing available iron to starve bacteria

Providing a neutral environment for bacteria to thrive (correct)

Producing enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls

What is the role of blood transferrins in the first line of host defense?

They produce enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls.

They bind to iron, making it unavailable for bacterial growth. (correct)

They flush away pathogens from the urinary and genital tracts.

They neutralize the acidic environment of the skin.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal microbiota, the microbes that do not harm the host?

They compete with pathogenic microbes for resources and space. (correct)

They require a neutral pH environment to thrive.

They are easily destroyed by the host's immune system.

They produce harmful toxins that damage the host's cells.

What is the primary function of lysozymes in the first line of host defense?

They break down the cell walls of bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

How do gastric juices contribute to the first line of host defense?

They contain hydrochloric acid that destroys most bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemical barriers that protect the host?

Regulating the body's pH to maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the normal microbiota in the first line of host defense?

They compete with pathogenic microbes for resources and space. Signup and view all the answers

How do blood transferrins contribute to the first line of host defense?

They remove available iron, which is necessary for bacterial growth. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells play a role only in adaptive immunity?

NK cells Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cells are known as the first responders during an infection?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phagocytes during an infection?

Engulfment of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of phagocytosis involves the attachment of phagocytes to the surface of pathogens?

Adherence Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure formed when a phagosome merges with a lysosome inside a phagocyte?

Phagolysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which pathogens evade phagocytosis?

Evasion through molecular mimicry Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells release chemical signals (cytokines) to attract phagocytes during an infection?

Pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Where are dendritic cells typically found in the body?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pathogen that produces a capsule to evade phagocytes?

Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Leukocidins, a toxin produced by some bacteria, helps them evade the immune system?

Leukocidins form pores in the cell membranes of phagocytes, killing them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a bacterium that uses mycolic acid, a waxy lipid, to inhibit the lysosomal enzymes of phagocytes?

Mycobacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response, as described in the text?

To get rid of the pathogen causing the inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of inflammation?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which fever helps the body get rid of pathogens, according to the text?

Fever induces the release of cytokines that promote the immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of inflammation described in the text?

Phagocytes release enzymes to break down the damaged tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytokines released during the inflammatory response, according to the text?

To recruit phagocytes to the site of infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific to a particular microbe. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense in innate immunity?

Phagocytosis, which involves the ingestion of microbes by immune cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about adaptive immunity is correct?

It has an immunological memory that allows for a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposures to the same microbe. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the third line of defense in adaptive immunity?

Inflammation, which is a process that involves the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fever in the body's defense against pathogens?

To enhance the activity of immune cells and create an unfavorable environment for pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the innate immune system is correct?

It is present from birth and provides a rapid immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the second line of defense in innate immunity?

Phagocytosis, which involves the ingestion of microbes by immune cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?

To recognize and respond specifically to a particular microbe, with the ability to develop immunological memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of complement proteins?

To facilitate the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC) Signup and view all the answers

How do some bacteria defend against the complement system?

They produce protease enzymes that destroy complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are interferons (IFNs)?

Small proteins produced by animal host cells in response to viral infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of interferons (IFNs)?

IFNs bind to uninfected neighboring cells and induce the production of antiviral proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about interferons (IFNs) is correct?

IFNs are released by infected animal cells to alert neighboring cells of a potential viral infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial event that triggers the production of interferons (IFNs) in animal host cells?

A viral infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the antiviral action of interferons (IFNs) is incorrect?

IFNs are effective against both viral and bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a step in the mechanism of action of interferons (IFNs)?

IFNs directly neutralize viral particles in the infected animal host cell Signup and view all the answers

Non-Specific Defenses of Newborns Immunology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemical barriers that protect the host?

What is the role of blood transferrins in the first line of host defense?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal microbiota, the microbes that do not harm the host?

What is the primary function of lysozymes in the first line of host defense?

How do gastric juices contribute to the first line of host defense?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemical barriers that protect the host?

What is the role of the normal microbiota in the first line of host defense?

How do blood transferrins contribute to the first line of host defense?

What type of cells play a role only in adaptive immunity?

Which white blood cells are known as the first responders during an infection?

What is the main function of phagocytes during an infection?

Which phase of phagocytosis involves the attachment of phagocytes to the surface of pathogens?

What is the structure formed when a phagosome merges with a lysosome inside a phagocyte?

What is the mechanism by which pathogens evade phagocytosis?

Which type of cells release chemical signals (cytokines) to attract phagocytes during an infection?

Where are dendritic cells typically found in the body?

Which of the following is an example of a pathogen that produces a capsule to evade phagocytes?

What is the primary mechanism by which Leukocidins, a toxin produced by some bacteria, helps them evade the immune system?

Which of the following is an example of a bacterium that uses mycolic acid, a waxy lipid, to inhibit the lysosomal enzymes of phagocytes?

What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response, as described in the text?

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of inflammation?

What is the primary mechanism by which fever helps the body get rid of pathogens, according to the text?

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of inflammation described in the text?

What is the primary function of the cytokines released during the inflammatory response, according to the text?

What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense in innate immunity?

Which of the following statements about adaptive immunity is correct?

Which of the following is NOT a component of the third line of defense in adaptive immunity?

What is the primary function of fever in the body's defense against pathogens?

Which of the following statements about the innate immune system is correct?

Which of the following is a component of the second line of defense in innate immunity?

What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?

What is the primary function of complement proteins?

How do some bacteria defend against the complement system?

What are interferons (IFNs)?

What is the mechanism of action of interferons (IFNs)?

Which statement about interferons (IFNs) is correct?

What is the initial event that triggers the production of interferons (IFNs) in animal host cells?

Which of the following statements about the antiviral action of interferons (IFNs) is incorrect?

Which of the following is not a step in the mechanism of action of interferons (IFNs)?

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