Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
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Questions and Answers

A deficiency in which complement protein specifically increases susceptibility to Neisseria bacterial species?

  • Factor I
  • Factor D
  • C3
  • C5-C9 (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT an effect of the complement pathway?

  • Chemotaxis of immune cells
  • Direct lysis of microbes
  • Opsonization of pathogens
  • Inhibition of inflammatory responses (correct)

    • Which complement protein initiates the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

  • C3a
  • Factor B
  • C3b
  • C5b (correct)

    • What are the primary molecules that act as anaphylatoxins in the complement pathway?

    <p>C3a and C5a (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is soluble C3b formed in the complement alternative pathway?

    <p>By nucleophilic attack of water on C3's thioester bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor cleaves Factor B to create the active convertase (iC3Bb)?

    <p>Factor D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of C3a and C5a on mast cells and basophils?

    <p>Promotion of degranulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency in which of the following complement factors leads to increased susceptibility to both encapsulated bacteria and Neisseria species?

    <p>Factor D and Properdin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary role of CXCL8 in neutrophil recruitment?

    <p>Attracting neutrophils to the site of infection by acting as a chemoattractant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrins in the context of immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells?

    <p>To mediate the firm adhesion and arrest of immune cells on the endothelium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these events happen first in oxygen dependent microbial killing within the phagosome?

    <p>Production of superoxide (O2-) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of secretory and ficolin-1 granules in neutrophil function?

    <p>To facilitate neutrophil attachment to the endothelium and extravasation into tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true about band neutrophils?

    <p>They are immature neutrophils and do not possess secretory and ficolin-1 granules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gelatinase within neutrophil granules?

    <p>To help degrade the extracellular matrix to prepare it for neutrophil migration through it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the enzyme Arginase carry out during neutrophil extravasation?

    <p>Decreases the levels of nitric oxide, helping to close tight junctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT directly involved in the early stages of cell arrest/rolling adhesion?

    <p>Integrins on the immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of iC3Bb?

    <p>To cleave C3 into C3a and C3b. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of Factor H in complement regulation?

    <p>It binds to C3b, facilitating its cleavage into iC3b by Factor I, thereby inactivating it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency in Factor I would most likely result in:

    <p>Unregulated C3bBb complexes leading to depletion of C3. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DAF contribute to the regulation of the complement system?

    <p>It binds to C3b, disrupting the Bb association and inactivating C3 convertase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly stabilizes the C3bBb complex, enhancing complement activation?

    <p>Properdin (Factor P) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the following steps involving the alternative C3 convertase?

    <p>C3b binds to Factor B -&gt; Factor D cleaves C3bB -&gt; C3bBb forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the C3bbBb complex?

    <p>To cleave C5 into C5a and C5b, initiating the formation of the MAC. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of complement activation, what is the significance of sialic acid?

    <p>It is used by some bacteria to inactivate complement by enhancing C3b cleavage by Factor I. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during positive selection of thymocytes?

    <p>Thymocytes bind weakly to MHC bound self-antigens and exit as mature T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome for T cells that recognize self-antigens strongly?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does costimulation play in T cell activation?

    <p>It is essential for the full activation of naïve T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes signal 3 in T cell activation?

    <p>The production of cytokines guiding T cell differentiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells express both MHC I and MHC II for the purpose of negative selection?

    <p>mTECs and dendritic cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the signaling cascade following TCR binding?

    <p>The phosphorylation of ITAMs by Lck. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of gamma delta T cells in relation to selection processes?

    <p>They exit the thymus as double negative T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the signal required for TCR activation?

    <p>The binding of antigen to MHC on APCs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes junctional diversity in the context of antibody formation?

    <p>It involves the addition or subtraction of nucleotides during recombination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes combinatorial diversity in the formation of antibodies?

    <p>It occurs only at the DNA level and involves the random joining of genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does RAG1/RAG2 play during the recombination process?

    <p>They cut DNA strands within the heptamers, creating a hairpin loop. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process specifically affects the CDR3 region in antibody formation?

    <p>Junctional flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mechanism do TdT and DNA polymerase interact during antibody gene recombination?

    <p>N nucleotide addition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of somatic hypermutation following antigen exposure?

    <p>Improvement of the antibody's affinity for the target antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between combinatorial association and combinatorial diversity?

    <p>Combinatorial association involves random joining of VDJ genes, whereas combinatorial diversity pertains to light and heavy chain pairing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the limitation of T cells in terms of combining chains?

    <p>T cells can only associate alpha with beta and delta with gamma chains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lactoferrin in the immune system?

    <p>It prevents iron acquisition by microbes by binding siderophores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of azurophilic granules in neutrophils?

    <p>To facilitate the fusion of phagolysosomes and release enzymes to destroy pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is directly involved in activating NK cells?

    <p>IL-12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which NK cells recognize and kill target cells?

    <p>By recognizing the absence of MHC class I molecules on target cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a condition where the neutrophil count is less than 70% of the total white blood cell count?

    <p>Neutropenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune response?

    <p>To release histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the activation of mast cells by PRRs and by IgE?

    <p>PRR activation leads to a slower and more controlled response, while IgE activation is faster and more potent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an acute bacterial infection, what would you expect to see in the blood?

    <p>An increase in the number of neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate immunity is non-specific, present from birth
    • Innate immunity is always on, looking for non-self pathogens
    • Innate immunity has no memory
    • Innate immunity is as effective the first time as subsequent infections
    • Innate immunity kicks starts inflammation
    • Adaptive immunity is specific
    • Adaptive immunity is activated by lymphocytes
    • Adaptive immunity improves with each encounter and has memory antibodies
    • Adaptive immunity has 3 types
    • Innate and adaptive immunity do not act in isolation
    • Complement activates B cells
    • Phagocytes activate and differentiate B and T cells
    • Antibodies act as opsonins for phagocytes

    Distinguish Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate immunity:
      • Non-specific
      • Present from birth
      • Always on, looking for non-self pathogens
      • Has no memory
      • Effective the first time and subsequent infections
      • Initiates inflammation
    • Adaptive immunity:
      • Specific
      • Activated by lymphocytes
      • Improves with each encounter
      • Has memory antibodies
      • 3 types

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    Immunology TQs - Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental differences between innate and adaptive immunity in this quiz. Understand their unique characteristics, mechanisms, and how they interact in the immune response. Test your knowledge on key concepts such as specificity, memory, and the roles of various immune cells.

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