Non Primitive Data Structures: Trees and Graphs
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes a non-linear data structure from a linear one?

  • Data is arranged in sequence.
  • Implementation is easier.
  • Every item is related to its previous and next item.
  • Data is attached with multiple other items. (correct)

    • A tree can be classified as a restricted graph.

    True

    Name one common operation that can be performed on a data structure.

    Searching

    An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are stored in _____ memory locations.

    <p>contiguous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of graphs with their descriptions:

    <p>Undirected Graph = Edges have no orientation Directed Graph = Edges have a direction Weighted Graph = Edges have weights Null Graph = Contains no edges or nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of graph?

    <p>Layered Graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The creation operation in data structures allocates memory for program elements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'sorting' operation in a data structure?

    <p>To arrange the values in a specific order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to declare an array in C?

    <p>datatype arrayName[arraySize];</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In C, arrays can change their size at runtime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What value will be in the third element of the array if it is declared with int numbers = {1, 2};?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To access the first element of an array named 'numbers', you use __________.

    <p>numbers[0]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components related to arrays in C:

    <p>Declaration = Specifying the type and size Initialization = Assigning values at declaration Accessing = Using index to retrieve values Iteration = Using loops to go through elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if you try to access an array element outside its declared range?

    <p>It will result in undefined behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The name of an array in C can be treated as a pointer to its first element.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the keyword used to define a structure in C?

    <p>struct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is used to allocate memory in C?

    <p>malloc()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic memory allocation in C allows the size of data structures to be set at compile time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of algorithm analysis?

    <p>To compare the performance of different algorithms and choose the best one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the free() function in C?

    <p>To deallocate memory that was previously allocated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Time complexity measures the space requirements of an algorithm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The address of arr[i] can be calculated using the formula: Base address + i × sizeof(type). This is applicable to __________ arrays.

    <p>linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory functions to their purpose:

    <p>malloc = Allocates specified memory block calloc = Allocates memory and initializes it to zero free = Deallocates previously allocated memory realloc = Resizes previously allocated memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the input size of an algorithm?

    <p>The number of items in the input or characteristics of the data structure used, such as the number of vertices and edges in a graph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efficient algorithm is selected by analyzing _____ and time complexity.

    <p>input size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a dynamically allocated array, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>It allows flexible array sizes at runtime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The base address of an array is always at memory location 0x1000.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the aspects of algorithm analysis with their descriptions:

    <p>Time complexity = The execution time of an algorithm Space complexity = The memory space required by an algorithm Best case = The scenario where the algorithm performs the least work Worst case = The scenario where the algorithm performs the most work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you check after using malloc to allocate memory?

    <p>Whether the pointer returned is NULL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the calloc() function in C?

    <p>To allocate contiguous space in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The free() function automatically deallocates memory allocated by malloc() and calloc().

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax for realloc() in C?

    <p>ptr = realloc(ptr, newSize);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ function in C is used to dynamically de-allocate memory.

    <p>free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions with their purposes:

    <p>calloc() = Allocates contiguous memory and initializes to zero malloc() = Allocates a specified amount of memory without initialization realloc() = Resizes previously allocated memory free() = Deallocates previously allocated memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen if you do not call free() after dynamic memory allocation?

    <p>It may cause a memory leak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The realloc() function initializes new memory blocks with zero.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first argument provided to realloc()?

    <p>The pointer to previously allocated memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In C, you can allocate space for an array of 25 floats with the command: ptr = (float*) ____ (25, sizeof(float));

    <p>calloc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function would you use to change the size of an already allocated memory block?

    <p>realloc()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Structures

    • A tree consists of nodes connected by edges; nodes are represented as circles.
    • Non-primitive data structures include linear data structures like arrays, stacks, linked lists, and queues.

    Graphs

    • Graphs are collections of nodes and edges, representing logical relations between nodes.
    • Types of graphs include:
      • Undirected Graph
      • Multi Graph
      • Simple Graph
      • Directed Graph
      • Mixed Graph
      • Null Graph
      • Weighted Graph

    Linear vs Non-Linear Data Structures

    • Linear Data Structures:
      • Every item is related sequentially to its predecessor and successor.
      • Data can be traversed in a single run.
      • Examples: Arrays, Stacks, Linked Lists, Queues.
      • Easier implementation.
    • Non-Linear Data Structures:
      • Items are connected to multiple other items, not in sequence.
      • Examples: Trees, Graphs.
      • Complex implementation.

    Operations on Data Structures

    • Create: Reserves memory for program elements.
    • Destroy: Deallocates memory space for specified data structure.
    • Selection: Accesses a particular piece of data within a structure.
    • Traversing: Visits every node systematically.
    • Updation: Modifies existing data.
    • Searching: Locates a specific value within a structure.
    • Sorting: Arranges values in a defined order.
    • Inserting: Adds a new value to the structure.
    • Deleting: Removes a value from the structure.
    • Splitting: Partitions a single list into multiple lists.
    • Merging: Joins two data structures of the same type.

    Arrays in C

    • Arrays store multiple variables of the same type in contiguous memory.
    • To declare an array: datatype arrayName[arraySize];
    • Example of initialization: int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    • Elements are accessed using their index, starting from 0.
    • For iteration, a loop (typically a for loop) is commonly used.

    Multi-dimensional Arrays

    • C supports multi-dimensional arrays, such as two-dimensional arrays (matrices).
    • Example declaration: 
      int matrix[3][3] = {
    {1, 2, 3},
    {4, 5, 6},
    {7, 8, 9}
};

    Key Points About Arrays

    • Fixed size is determined at compile-time; cannot alter size at runtime.
    • Elements are stored in contiguous memory locations for efficient access.
    • C does not perform bounds checking; accessing out-of-bounds can cause errors.

    Structures and Unions

    • A structure in C is a user-defined data type that groups items of varying types.
    • Defined using the struct keyword.
    • Example structure: 
      struct structure_name {
    data_type member_name1;
    data_type member_name2;
};

    Dynamic Memory Allocation in C

    • Functions for dynamic memory allocation include malloc(), calloc(), free(), and realloc().
    • malloc(): Allocates memory.
    • free(): deallocates previously allocated memory.
    • realloc(): Changes the size of previously allocated memory while retaining values.

    Representation of Arrays in Memory

    • Linear arrays are stored in contiguous memory; the address of an element can be calculated.
    • Example for integer array with base address:
      • arr[0] at address 0x1000 contains value 10.
    • Accessing can be done by index or via pointers.

    Algorithm Analysis

    • Algorithms are systematic instructions for solving tasks, fundamental to implementing data structures.
    • Analysis of algorithms compares performance based on:
      • Input Size: Number of items or graph vertices/edges.
      • Time Complexity: Count of elementary operations.
      • Space Complexity: Amount of memory required.
      • Best, Average, and Worst Case scenarios.
      • Order of Growth: Describes how the algorithm's runtime grows as input size increases.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of non-primitive data structures, focusing on trees and graphs. Understand how nodes and edges interact within these structures, and examine the various types of graphs such as directed, undirected, and mixed graphs. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of these foundational topics in data organization.

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