Pathology and Medicine 1
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Questions and Answers

What type of diseases are caused by environmental factors?

  • Inflammatory
  • Acquired (correct)
  • Genetic
  • Hemodynamic

    • Which classification is based on pathogenesis or disease mechanisms?

  • Congenital and inherited
  • Inflammatory and hemodynamic
  • Genetic and acquired (correct)
  • Acquired and degenerative

    • What is the classification of diseases that are initiated before or during birth?

  • Acquired
  • Degenerative
  • Congenital (correct)
  • Genetic

    • Which term refers to the initiator of the subsequent event resulting in a patient's illness?

    <p>Etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which cancer-causing agents result in the development of tumors?

    <p>Carcinogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an aggregate of signs and symptoms without which a disease cannot be recognized or diagnosed?

    <p>Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the anticipated outcome of a disease?

    <p>Prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach involves the study of disease in populations and the distribution of diseases in relation to place and time?

    <p>Epidemiological approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'A deterioration of cells or tissues in response to a variety of agents' describes which term?

    <p>Degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'morbidity' refer to in epidemiology?

    <p>Disease state of an individual or incidence of illness in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a uniform nomenclature system in pathology and medicine?

    <p>To help communication and enable accurate epidemiological studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can benign tumors be characterized?

    <p>They remain localized to the tissue of origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In disease nomenclature, what do eponymous names refer to?

    <p>Names of diseases or lesions named after a person or place associated with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are primary diseases defined?

    <p>Diseases without an apparent cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acute and chronic diseases?

    <p>Acute diseases have a rapid onset, while chronic diseases have a prolonged course lasting months or years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental purpose of disease classification?

    <p>To determine the best treatment, estimate prognosis, and ascertain the cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are malignant tumors different from benign tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors are commonly fatal and invade from their origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a disease according to the text?

    <p>A condition in which there is an abnormality causing a loss of normal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of diagnosis in relation to disease classification?

    <p>To identify a disease in an individual patient using classification concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a disease that is a complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion?

    <p>Secondary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of medicolegal autopsies?

    <p>To determine cause of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for performing clinical autopsies in hospitals?

    <p>To gather useful information from unclear diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases reveal diagnostic discrepancies through autopsies?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if cells fail to meet the demand placed on them?

    <p>They show signs of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the morphological changes recognized as cell death?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cases are clinical autopsies typically performed?

    <p>In hospitals with unclear diagnosis cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if cells are irreversibly injured?

    <p>They undergo further morphologic changes recognized as cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cells failing to adapt to challenges?

    <p>Irreversible injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?

    <p>Nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does coagulative necrosis differ from liquefactive necrosis?

    <p>Cells maintain their architecture in coagulative necrosis, but not in liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor contributing to arterial thrombosis?

    <p>Endothelial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is most often associated with tuberculous infection?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes thrombosis from normal hemostasis?

    <p>Formation of a solid mass within the vascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In apoptosis, what happens to the nucleus?

    <p>It undergoes pyknosis and fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event triggers endothelial injury, a key predisposing factor for thrombosis?

    <p>Exposure of underlying extracellular matrix (ECM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the morphological characteristics of reversible cell injury?

    <p>Plasma membrane alterations and dilation of ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mitochondria during apoptosis?

    <p>They fragment and lose function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of apoptotic cells that facilitates their removal by phagocytosis?

    <p>Intact plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autopsies and Cell Injury

    • Autopsies can be performed for legal or medical purposes, revealing diagnostic discrepancies in around 30% of cases.
    • There are two types of autopsies: medicolegal (to determine the cause of death, collect evidence, and perform forensic investigations) and clinical (to gather information on unclear diagnoses or hospital deaths).

    Cellular Injury and Cell Death

    • Cellular injury occurs when cells fail to adapt to challenges, resulting in changes or loss of function, and morphological changes.
    • There are two types of cellular injury: reversible and irreversible.
    • Irreversible cell injury leads to cell death, which can be classified into two main types: necrosis and apoptosis.

    Mechanisms of Cell Injury

    • Cell injury can result from various mechanisms, including:
      • Oxygen-derived free radicals, which can cause lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, and DNA damage.
      • Functional and biochemical abnormalities in cellular components.

    Consequences of Cell Injury

    • Consequences of cell injury depend on the type, state, and adaptability of injured cells.
    • Cellular response to stimuli depends on the type, severity, and duration of injury.

    Necrosis and Apoptosis

    • Necrosis: a pathological cellular or tissue death, resulting in a spectrum of morphological changes.
    • Different types of necrosis include:
      • Coagulative necrosis
      • Liquefactive necrosis
      • Caseous necrosis
      • Fat necrosis
    • Apoptosis: a programmed cell death, characterized by:
      • Degradation of cytoskeletal framework
      • Fragmentation of DNA
      • Loss of mitochondrial function
      • Nucleus shrinkage and fragmentation
      • Cell shrinkage and phagocytosis

    Thrombosis and Haemostasis

    • Haemostasis: a normal process that maintains blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels.
    • Thrombosis: a pathological process that forms a solid mass of blood constituents within the vascular system.
    • Pathogenesis of thrombosis involves three predisposing factors:
      • Endothelial injury
      • Stasis or turbulence of blood flow
      • Blood hypercoagulability
    • Arterial thrombosis:
      • High risk: prolonged bed rest, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, prosthetic cardiac valves, tissue injury, surgery, fracture, burn, cancer, increased age
      • Can cause ischemia and infarction
    • Venous thrombosis:
      • Mostly occurs in superficial or deep veins of the leg
      • Can cause pulmonary infarction
      • Can be asymptomatic

    Nomenclature of Disease

    • Classification of disease:
      • Primary: disease without an apparent cause
      • Secondary: disease as a complication or manifestation of some underlying lesion
      • Acute and chronic: to describe the dynamics of a disease
      • Benign and malignant tumors
    • Eponymous names: disease or lesion named after a person or place associated with it
    • Aims of disease classification:
      • Determine the best treatment
      • Estimate the prognosis
      • Ascertain the cause

    Disease Mechanisms

    • Genetic diseases: due to abnormalities in the genome
    • Acquired diseases: caused by environmental factors
    • Congenital diseases: initiated before or during birth
    • Acquired diseases: inflammation, hemodynamic disorders, growth disorders, injury, and disordered repair
    • Aetiology: the initiator of the subsequent event resulting in the patient's illness
    • Pathogenesis: the mechanism by which the aetiology operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestations

    Epidemiology

    • The study of disease in populations and the distribution of diseases in relation to place and time
    • Aims of epidemiology:
      • Providing aetiological clues to the causes of disease
      • Planning preventive measures
      • Provision of adequate medical facilities
      • Population screening for early diagnosis

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    Description

    Explore the system of names used in pathology and medicine to classify diseases. Learn about the importance of a uniform nomenclature system for communication and epidemiological studies. Understand the standard conventions, common terms, prefixes, and suffixes used in disease nomenclature.

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