38 Questions
What type of diseases are caused by environmental factors?
Acquired
Which classification is based on pathogenesis or disease mechanisms?
Genetic and acquired
What is the classification of diseases that are initiated before or during birth?
Congenital
Which term refers to the initiator of the subsequent event resulting in a patient's illness?
Etiology
What is the mechanism by which cancer-causing agents result in the development of tumors?
Carcinogenesis
Which term refers to an aggregate of signs and symptoms without which a disease cannot be recognized or diagnosed?
Syndrome
What refers to the anticipated outcome of a disease?
Prognosis
Which approach involves the study of disease in populations and the distribution of diseases in relation to place and time?
Epidemiological approach
'A deterioration of cells or tissues in response to a variety of agents' describes which term?
Degeneration
What does 'morbidity' refer to in epidemiology?
Disease state of an individual or incidence of illness in a population
What is the purpose of a uniform nomenclature system in pathology and medicine?
To help communication and enable accurate epidemiological studies
How can benign tumors be characterized?
They remain localized to the tissue of origin
In disease nomenclature, what do eponymous names refer to?
Names of diseases or lesions named after a person or place associated with them
How are primary diseases defined?
Diseases without an apparent cause
What is the main difference between acute and chronic diseases?
Acute diseases have a rapid onset, while chronic diseases have a prolonged course lasting months or years
What is the fundamental purpose of disease classification?
To determine the best treatment, estimate prognosis, and ascertain the cause
How are malignant tumors different from benign tumors?
Malignant tumors are commonly fatal and invade from their origin
What is the definition of a disease according to the text?
A condition in which there is an abnormality causing a loss of normal health
What is the key role of diagnosis in relation to disease classification?
To identify a disease in an individual patient using classification concepts
Which term refers to a disease that is a complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion?
Secondary disease
What is the main purpose of medicolegal autopsies?
To determine cause of death
What is a common reason for performing clinical autopsies in hospitals?
To gather useful information from unclear diagnoses
What percentage of cases reveal diagnostic discrepancies through autopsies?
30%
What happens if cells fail to meet the demand placed on them?
They show signs of injury
What are the morphological changes recognized as cell death?
Necrosis
In which cases are clinical autopsies typically performed?
In hospitals with unclear diagnosis cases
What is the outcome if cells are irreversibly injured?
They undergo further morphologic changes recognized as cell death
What is the consequence of cells failing to adapt to challenges?
Irreversible injury
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
Nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation
How does coagulative necrosis differ from liquefactive necrosis?
Cells maintain their architecture in coagulative necrosis, but not in liquefactive necrosis
What is the key factor contributing to arterial thrombosis?
Endothelial injury
Which type of necrosis is most often associated with tuberculous infection?
Caseous necrosis
What distinguishes thrombosis from normal hemostasis?
Formation of a solid mass within the vascular system
In apoptosis, what happens to the nucleus?
It undergoes pyknosis and fragmentation
Which event triggers endothelial injury, a key predisposing factor for thrombosis?
Exposure of underlying extracellular matrix (ECM)
What are the morphological characteristics of reversible cell injury?
Plasma membrane alterations and dilation of ER
What happens to the mitochondria during apoptosis?
They fragment and lose function
What is the characteristic feature of apoptotic cells that facilitates their removal by phagocytosis?
Intact plasma membrane
Study Notes
Autopsies and Cell Injury
- Autopsies can be performed for legal or medical purposes, revealing diagnostic discrepancies in around 30% of cases.
- There are two types of autopsies: medicolegal (to determine the cause of death, collect evidence, and perform forensic investigations) and clinical (to gather information on unclear diagnoses or hospital deaths).
Cellular Injury and Cell Death
- Cellular injury occurs when cells fail to adapt to challenges, resulting in changes or loss of function, and morphological changes.
- There are two types of cellular injury: reversible and irreversible.
- Irreversible cell injury leads to cell death, which can be classified into two main types: necrosis and apoptosis.
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- Cell injury can result from various mechanisms, including:
- Oxygen-derived free radicals, which can cause lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, and DNA damage.
- Functional and biochemical abnormalities in cellular components.
Consequences of Cell Injury
- Consequences of cell injury depend on the type, state, and adaptability of injured cells.
- Cellular response to stimuli depends on the type, severity, and duration of injury.
Necrosis and Apoptosis
- Necrosis: a pathological cellular or tissue death, resulting in a spectrum of morphological changes.
- Different types of necrosis include:
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Apoptosis: a programmed cell death, characterized by:
- Degradation of cytoskeletal framework
- Fragmentation of DNA
- Loss of mitochondrial function
- Nucleus shrinkage and fragmentation
- Cell shrinkage and phagocytosis
Thrombosis and Haemostasis
- Haemostasis: a normal process that maintains blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels.
- Thrombosis: a pathological process that forms a solid mass of blood constituents within the vascular system.
- Pathogenesis of thrombosis involves three predisposing factors:
- Endothelial injury
- Stasis or turbulence of blood flow
- Blood hypercoagulability
- Arterial thrombosis:
- High risk: prolonged bed rest, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, prosthetic cardiac valves, tissue injury, surgery, fracture, burn, cancer, increased age
- Can cause ischemia and infarction
- Venous thrombosis:
- Mostly occurs in superficial or deep veins of the leg
- Can cause pulmonary infarction
- Can be asymptomatic
Nomenclature of Disease
- Classification of disease:
- Primary: disease without an apparent cause
- Secondary: disease as a complication or manifestation of some underlying lesion
- Acute and chronic: to describe the dynamics of a disease
- Benign and malignant tumors
- Eponymous names: disease or lesion named after a person or place associated with it
- Aims of disease classification:
- Determine the best treatment
- Estimate the prognosis
- Ascertain the cause
Disease Mechanisms
- Genetic diseases: due to abnormalities in the genome
- Acquired diseases: caused by environmental factors
- Congenital diseases: initiated before or during birth
- Acquired diseases: inflammation, hemodynamic disorders, growth disorders, injury, and disordered repair
- Aetiology: the initiator of the subsequent event resulting in the patient's illness
- Pathogenesis: the mechanism by which the aetiology operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestations
Epidemiology
- The study of disease in populations and the distribution of diseases in relation to place and time
- Aims of epidemiology:
- Providing aetiological clues to the causes of disease
- Planning preventive measures
- Provision of adequate medical facilities
- Population screening for early diagnosis
Explore the system of names used in pathology and medicine to classify diseases. Learn about the importance of a uniform nomenclature system for communication and epidemiological studies. Understand the standard conventions, common terms, prefixes, and suffixes used in disease nomenclature.
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