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15 Questions

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Ch2pp29-30

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Questions and Answers

Which domain is present in all NLRs?

C-terminal nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) (correct)

N-terminal ligand-binding domain

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) domain

Peptidoglycan recognition domain

Which NLR is highly expressed in intestinal Paneth cells in the small bowel?

Defensins

NOD2 (correct)

Inflammasomes

NOD1

What do NOD1 and NOD2 recognize?

Different dipeptides derived from bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (correct)

Changes associated with cell injury

Antimicrobial substances called defensins

Inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18

What do inflammasomes proteolytically generate active forms of?

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme cleaves inactive precursors IL-1β and IL-18 to become active cytokines?

Caspase-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of inflammasomes?

Promote inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is used as a sensor in one of the best characterized inflammasomes?

NLRP3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of activated caspase-1 in inflammasome activation?

Cleaves pro--IL-1β to generate biologically active IL-1β Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of programmed cell death characterized by swelling of cells, loss of plasma membrane integrity, and release of inflammatory cytokines?

Pyroptosis Signup and view all the answers

What does the N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D do when activated?

Oligomerizes and forms a channel in the plasma membrane allowing egress of mature IL-1β Signup and view all the answers

What are gain-of-function mutations in NLRP3 associated with?

Autoinflammatory syndromes characterized by uncontrolled and spontaneous inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What activates the NLRP3 inflammasome?

Crystalline substances such as uric acid and cholesterol crystals, extracellular ATP, reduced intracellular potassium ion concentration, and reactive oxygen species. Signup and view all the answers

What is a treatment for diseases associated with gain-of-function mutations in NLRP3?

IL-1 antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by deposition of urate crystals and subsequent inflammation mediated by inflammasome recognition?

Gout Signup and view all the answers

What may the inflammasome contribute to in addition to autoinflammatory syndromes and gout?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers