15 Questions
Which domain is present in all NLRs?
C-terminal nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)
Which NLR is highly expressed in intestinal Paneth cells in the small bowel?
NOD2
What do NOD1 and NOD2 recognize?
Different dipeptides derived from bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan
What do inflammasomes proteolytically generate active forms of?
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18
Which enzyme cleaves inactive precursors IL-1β and IL-18 to become active cytokines?
Caspase-1
What is the main function of inflammasomes?
Promote inflammation
Which protein is used as a sensor in one of the best characterized inflammasomes?
NLRP3
What is the role of activated caspase-1 in inflammasome activation?
Cleaves pro--IL-1β to generate biologically active IL-1β
What is the form of programmed cell death characterized by swelling of cells, loss of plasma membrane integrity, and release of inflammatory cytokines?
Pyroptosis
What does the N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D do when activated?
Oligomerizes and forms a channel in the plasma membrane allowing egress of mature IL-1β
What are gain-of-function mutations in NLRP3 associated with?
Autoinflammatory syndromes characterized by uncontrolled and spontaneous inflammation
What activates the NLRP3 inflammasome?
Crystalline substances such as uric acid and cholesterol crystals, extracellular ATP, reduced intracellular potassium ion concentration, and reactive oxygen species.
What is a treatment for diseases associated with gain-of-function mutations in NLRP3?
IL-1 antagonists
Which disease is caused by deposition of urate crystals and subsequent inflammation mediated by inflammasome recognition?
Gout
What may the inflammasome contribute to in addition to autoinflammatory syndromes and gout?
Atherosclerosis
Test your knowledge about NOD-like receptors (NLRs), a family of innate receptors that play a crucial role in sensing and initiating inflammatory responses to various cellular stimuli. Learn about the structure, function, and significance of NOD1 and NOD2 in the immune system.
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