35 Questions
What is a common effect of both C5a and C3a?
Vasodilation
Which cells in particular does C5a act as a chemotactic agent for?
Neutrophils and macrophages
What is a consequence of inadequate complement proteins (C2, C3, C4, C5, MBL, MAC complex)?
Vulnerability to bacterial infection
Which condition is associated with deficiencies in C1q?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
What role does C1q play in relation to macrophages and apoptotic bodies?
Helps macrophages to clear apoptotic bodies
What is the proposed role of self-antigens in the development of autoimmunity?
Continual presence increases the likelihood of developing autoimmunity
What makes the alternative pathway the first responder in complement activation?
It can be activated spontaneously by hydrolysis of C3
What process likely licenses NK cells to ensure their NKIRs are functional?
Presentation of antigens by dendritic cells
In what circumstance do NK cells not kill a cell?
When a cell expresses mostly normal MHC-I proteins
What happens when NKARs 'over-rule' the NKIRs?
NK cell kills the abnormal cell
How do NKARs kill the cell when activated?
All of the above
What is the function of perforin in the mechanism of NKAR killing?
Poking holes in the membrane
Natural killer cells predominantly kill...
Cancer cells or virally-infected cells
Which cells protect the body from indiscriminate NK-killing and tissue damage?
Dendritic cells
What are the main ligands for RLRs that activate NF-KB?
Double-stranded RNA
What happens when a DAMP activates NLRP3?
Formation of inflammasome
What is the effect of IL-1 release from macrophages?
Amplifies the inflammatory response
What is the function of an inflammasome?
Activation of caspase 1
What is the cellular effect when a cell undergoes pyroptosis?
Lysis and release of more DAMPs
What is the function of NLRP3 when it detects diverse signals such as DAMPs and PAMPs?
Activates pro-IL-1 to IL-1
Continual presence of self-antigens (ie. nuclear material) in extracellular space can increase the risk of developing _______
autoimmunity
Which of the following cells are important PAMP and DAMP detectors?
All of the above
Epithelial and endothelial cells can detect PAMPs and DAMPs
True
What is the major cellular source of IL-1?
Macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes
Which cytokine has redundant and pleiotropic effects?
All of the above
What is the mechanism of fever generation?
Peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering
Which cell type is NOT an important cellular source of IL-1?
NK cells
What is one of the local functions of IL-1?
Increased vascular permeability
What is the major cellular source of TNF-alpha?
Macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells
What is the general role for CRP in acute inflammation?
All of the above
Ferritin, Hepcidin, MBL and SAA are all examples of....
Acute phase proteins
Which of the following effectors change the hypothalamic set point for body temperature?
PGE2
What is the main role of Group 1 interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) in the antiviral response?
All of the above
Which cells secrete Group 1 interferons (IFN alpha and IFN beta) in the antiviral response?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
How do type I interferons act to provide protection to viral infection?
By inhibiting viral replication in an autocrine and paracrine fashion
Explore frequently asked questions about complement deficiency, including its impact on vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and histamine release. Learn about the rarity of complement deficiency and its link to vulnerability to bacterial infections.
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