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Communication Models

• Various definitions of communication exist, lacking a single, universally agreed-upon definition. This stems from communication's multifaceted nature, as it permeates all aspects of human life.
• Edgar Dale defines communication as a method for sharing ideas and emotions in a balanced, reciprocal manner.
• Communication is a dynamic process, influenced by factors like integration and interaction between its components. It involves transferring, exchanging, and sharing experiences & intellectual approaches with others to elicit a response aligned with objectives.

Communication Models:

• Diverse models try to define communication by outlining elements and content.

Aristotelian Model (Aristotle):

• Verbal communication is a crucial element in aiding adaptation to the environment through specific channels.
• Key channels include:
  • Invention: The source of ideas to form the message.
  • Disposition: Structuring and sequencing the discourse.
  • Style: The language used in verbal or written communication.
  • Memory: Enhancing retention of learned information from communication.
  • Delivery: Vocal qualities used to convey the message, including tone and dynamics of the situation.

Carroll Model (Carroll):

• Relies on verbal language.
• The speaker/sender delivers experiences through a chain of consecutive decisions to convey the message as a series of successive sound waves.
• The listener/receiver analyzes the speaker's intended symbolic behavior to decode and understand the message, responding accordingly.

Shannon-Weaver Model:

• Includes fundamental elements of communication: source, sender, initial communication signal and exchange of experiences, receiver, objective, channel of communication, and potential interference/noise.

Schramm Model:

• Highlights the dynamic interaction between sender and receiver.
• Each party performs similar functions, and one can potentially substitute the other based on each party's experience.
• Communication is a circular, not linear, process. The structure of learning resources influences encoding/symbol creation, decoding, and the receiver's interpretation based on pre-existing mental frameworks.

Berlo Model:

• Contains four interacting elements (sender, receiver, message, feedback) but ignores the situational context.

Lasswell Model:

• Lasswell's model considers fundamental aspects of communication, highlighted by these questions: Who says what? To whom? Through what channel? With what effect?
• The "who" isn't necessarily the sender/educator/speaker, but rather any source of learning materials (printed material, programmed instruction or visuals).
• "What?" pertains to the content of the message.
• "To whom?" refers to target audience/learner.
• "Through what channel?" refers to the medium for conveying the message.
• "With what effect?" assesses the message's impact on the receiver.

Weiner Model:

• Focuses on the core elements of communication (sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, regardless of form, whether signals or feedback).

Kenneth Model:

• Resembles the Schramm model in elements and the roles of sender and receiver in encoding and decoding.

Peterson Model:

• Includes sender, receiver, message, and communication channel.
• Sensory channels (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell) are responsible for conveying messages based on communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, and the culture of the communication.

Lewis Model:

• One of the organizational/engineering communication models prioritizing inputs and outputs in communication.
• Focuses on roles of sender/source and receiver in transmitting messages through electromagnetic waves or electronic sources(e.g., media).
• Includes nonverbal cues (facial expressions, tone/pitch of voice, body language, gestures, eye contact, time and space).
• Aims to avoid noise or interference in communication.

Tubbs & Moss Model:

• Illustrates communication interactions in daily life between sender and receiver.
• Communication influences each other, meaning the intended message and goal can change depending on received feedback.
• Highlights the influences of internal and external factors on the process of sending and receiving messages.
• Emphasizes five key components of human interaction within the model.
  • Inputs: Stimuli providing information about the world.
  • Selection: All inputs and sensations controlling communication, impacting message comprehension abilities. Limits are divided into sensory perceptual filters and psychological limitations (attitudes, cultural contexts, biological limitations).
  • Communication Channel: Methods and techniques for conveying messages.
  • Noise: Interference impacting communication. It manifests in various forms, occurring at any stage of communication.
  • Time: An ongoing process with adaptability in communication interactions.