10 Questions
What are the five categories that Newmark divided culture-specific items into?
Ecology, material culture, social culture, organizations, gestures and habits
In translation, what does 'Componential Analysis' involve?
Comparing the sense components of source language and target language words
Which translation procedure involves the conversion of single names or proper nouns?
Borrowing
What is the process of 'Calque' in translation?
Replacing word classes without altering meaning
Which translation procedure involves replacing one word class with another?
Transposition
What is modulation in the context of translation?
Changing the form of the message through a change in perspective
What is the purpose of the technique of equivalence in translation?
To use completely different stylistic and structural methods to produce an equivalent text
When is the technique of adaptation used in translation?
When the type of situation referred to in the source language does not function in the target language culture
Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques of adjustments proposed by Eugene Nida?
Substitutions
What is the primary belief behind the domestication strategy in translation, according to Venuti?
That the translation should be appropriate to the taste and expectations of the target reader
Study Notes
Cultural Translation Procedures
- Newmark's five categories for culture-specific items: ecology, material culture, social culture, organizations, customs, ideas, gestures, and habits
- Five basic cultural translation procedures by Newmark:
- Transference of a Cultural Word: acceptable if the word is already adopted into the target language
- Target Language Cultural Equivalence: replacing a culture-specific item with a target language item of similar meaning
- Descriptive Equivalent: explaining the meaning of a word in several words
- Componential Analysis: comparing source language words with target language words to identify common and differing sense components
- Transonym: converting single names or proper nouns during translation
Translation Procedures of Vinay & Dalbernet
- Direct Translation Procedures:
- Borrowing: using foreign phrasing in the target text
- Calque: translating each element of an expression literally
- Literal Translation: direct transfer of a text from source language to target language
- Oblique Translation Procedures:
- Transposition: replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning
- Modulation: changing the form of the message through a change in perspective
- Equivalence: producing an equivalent text using different stylistic and structural methods
- Adaptation: recreating a situation equivalent to the source language message in the target culture
Techniques of Adjustments by Eugene Nida
- Four techniques for adjustments:
- Additions
- Subtraction
- Alterations
- Footnotes
- Purposes of adjustment techniques:
- Producing semantically equivalent structures
- Adjusting the message to fit the structure of the target language
- Carrying an equivalent communication load
- Providing equivalent stylistic appropriateness
Domestication and Foreignization Strategies by Venuti
- Domestication: translating to make the text suitable for the target culture
- Foreignization: translating to preserve the source language culture and characteristics
This quiz covers Newmark's five categories for culture-specific items and the five basic cultural translation procedures proposed by Newmark. Test your knowledge on topics such as transference of cultural words and target language cultural equivalence.
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