Newmark's Cultural Translation Procedures and Categories Quiz

Cultural Translation Procedures

• Newmark's five categories for culture-specific items: ecology, material culture, social culture, organizations, customs, ideas, gestures, and habits
• Five basic cultural translation procedures by Newmark:
  • Transference of a Cultural Word: acceptable if the word is already adopted into the target language
  • Target Language Cultural Equivalence: replacing a culture-specific item with a target language item of similar meaning
  • Descriptive Equivalent: explaining the meaning of a word in several words
  • Componential Analysis: comparing source language words with target language words to identify common and differing sense components
  • Transonym: converting single names or proper nouns during translation

Translation Procedures of Vinay & Dalbernet

• Direct Translation Procedures:
  • Borrowing: using foreign phrasing in the target text
  • Calque: translating each element of an expression literally
  • Literal Translation: direct transfer of a text from source language to target language
• Oblique Translation Procedures:
  • Transposition: replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning
  • Modulation: changing the form of the message through a change in perspective
  • Equivalence: producing an equivalent text using different stylistic and structural methods
  • Adaptation: recreating a situation equivalent to the source language message in the target culture

Techniques of Adjustments by Eugene Nida

• Four techniques for adjustments:
  • Additions
  • Subtraction
  • Alterations
  • Footnotes
• Purposes of adjustment techniques:
  • Producing semantically equivalent structures
  • Adjusting the message to fit the structure of the target language
  • Carrying an equivalent communication load
  • Providing equivalent stylistic appropriateness

Domestication and Foreignization Strategies by Venuti

• Domestication: translating to make the text suitable for the target culture
• Foreignization: translating to preserve the source language culture and characteristics

This quiz covers Newmark's five categories for culture-specific items and the five basic cultural translation procedures proposed by Newmark. Test your knowledge on topics such as transference of cultural words and target language cultural equivalence.