New France 1608-1760

New France 1608-1760

• Document outlines the history of Quebec education in 2024-2025, focusing on New France from 1608-1760.
• A map of New France is included, showcasing major settlements like Quebec, Trois-Rivières, and Montréal, and its geographical relationship with surrounding territories like the English colonies.
• Information about colonialism is presented, defining colony and mother country.
• Different colony types are categorized: trading post and settlement colonies.

Colonization

• Colonization is the process of claiming land and establishing colonies for the benefit of the mother country.
• A colony is a territory ruled by another state that exploits it.
• A mother country is a state that possesses colonies or territories outside its own territory, for instance, France or Great Britain in relation to New France and the Thirteen Colonies.

Types of Colonies

• Trading post colonies involve temporary European residents exploiting natural resources and trading them.
• Settlement colonies involve permanent settlement by Europeans to exploit resources and settle.

Samuel de Champlain and Quebec City

• Champlain, arriving in 1603, recognized the fur trade's potential.
• The King of France directed him to find a permanent settlement location and prioritize fur trade development.
• Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, marking the beginning of permanent French presence in North America.
• Quebec's location, on the St. Lawrence River, provided navigational and defensive advantages.
• The establishment of L'Abitation solidified trade with Indigenous peoples.
• Champlain became the first governor of New France in 1627.
• He explored the surrounding area—Richelieu River, Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, and Ottawa River.
• Louis Hebert and his family settled in 1617, the first settlers in New France.

Mercantilism

• Mercantilism is an economic theory where a country's power is measured by its gold supply.
• Exports are favored over imports.
• Colonies provide the mother country with raw resources.
• Manufactured goods are made in the mother country and sold to colonies.
• Colonies serve as markets for manufactured exports.
• Mercantilism maintains heavy dependency of colonies on the mother country for economic survival by ensuring that all goods originate from the mother country.

The Fur Trade

• The fur trade became a major economic staple in New France.
• The King sought to establish a colony to tap into the fur trade.
• The Company of 100 Associates was formed (1627) for the fur trade, promising money and settlers for a monopoly.
• Indigenous peoples were essential in the fur trade, hunting and delivering furs.
• Colonization of new territories became necessary due to increased competition.
• However, fur trading proved more profitable than settlement, leading to a slow population increase.

The Seigneurial System

• This land distribution system aimed to develop lands, increase population, and diversify the economy.
• Seigneuries were long, rectangular lots established along rivers like the St. Lawrence and Richelieu for agricultural use, transportation, and irrigation.

The Relationships Between Settlers and Indigenous Groups

• Various reasons are cited for strengthening ties with the Indigenous, including obtaining more furs and evangelization.
• Conflicts also occurred, such as the Iroquois Confederacy escalating into war between the French colonists and the indigenous peoples with British support that led to the loss of land for the French and a decrease in their population.

The Role of the Church

• Religious missions attempted to convert Indigenous groups.
• The Church offered support to those in need, operated hospitals, organized education, and maintained records.
• Key figures included Paul Chomedey and Jeanne Mance, founders of Ville-Marie (Montreal), which aimed to become a religiously motivated settlement.

New France as a Trading Post Colony

• New France, primarily focused on the fur trade, was considered a trading post colony.
• The colony needed few settlers and remained heavily dependent on France for survival, which led to low population growth.
• Demographic imbalance favored men over women, affecting population growth.
• Factors contributing to lower population growth include the difficulty in attracting settlers, challenging winters, danger from Iroquois attacks, and distance from France.
• The colony was dependent on the mother country for resources and guidance.

Royal Government in New France

• King Louis XIV took direct control of the colony in 1663.
• The motivation was to increase the population to rival the Thirteen Colonies.
• Royal Government established various positions: Bishop, Intendant, and Governor.
• Defense for the colony was important: Militia, a non-professional and unpaid defense force was constituted and reinforced with the addition of the Carignan-Salières regiment (1665).

Jean Talon's Role as Intendant

• Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France in 1665, primarily focused on increasing population and diversifying the economy.
• Methods included immigration programs (e.g., the Filles du Roi–King's Daughters), incentives for settlement, and encouraging early marriage.
• Attempting to diversify included agriculture and new industries.

Triangular Trade

• A system of trade existed between France, New France, and the Antilles.
• Raw goods were transported from New France and the Antilles to France for manufacturing.
• Manufactured goods were then transported back to the colonies at a profit.
• Colonies were reliant on France for this system and trade.

Territorial Expansion

• The French conducted exploration and land claims.
• The French aimed to bolster their alliances with Indigenous groups, acquire more resources, and secure land before the English.
• Key events contributing to the French expansion include the establishment of settlements, alliances with the Indigenous groups in the North, and the expansion of New France into the territory of what is now Louisiana, Illinois, and the lands north of the Great Lakes.

Colonial Rivalries and Wars

• Conflicts arose between France and Great Britain over control of the fur trade and territorial expansion.

The Seven Years' War

• The Seven Years' War (1756-1763), triggered by tensions over the Ohio River Valley, was Britain's and France's final conflict in North America.
• The Ohio Valley was strategically important for fur trade and expansion into Native American territories.
• Britain significantly overtrod the French and allied Native Americans, leading to the British victory in the Seven Years War.
• The British takeover ended New France.

The Capture of Louisbourg

• The British successfully captured Louisbourg Fortress in 1758, gaining control of the St. Lawrence River.
• Following Louisbourg's capture, the siege of Quebec followed and Wolfe's triumph.
• This led to the capture of Montreal and the ultimate British victory in North America, which marked the end of New France.

The Capitulation of Montreal

• The final British victory came with the surrender of the French forces at Montreal.
• The terms of surrender were formalized via the Articles of Capitulation.

The British Victory

• Various factors contributed to the British victory: the French manpower shortage, the British naval superiority, the self-sufficiency of the British colonies, and the British resolve for victory in North America.

Explore the history of education in Quebec from 1608 to 1760, focusing on its colonial context and major settlements like Quebec and Montréal. This quiz covers the different types of colonies, including trading posts and settlement colonies, and examines the relationship between mother countries and their colonies.