Neurotransmitters and Signaling Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a ventricle found in the human brain?

  • Fifth Ventricle (correct)
  • Left Lateral Ventricle
  • Right Lateral Ventricle
  • Fourth Ventricle

    • What is the main idea behind the theory of Equipotentiality?

  • The brain is a homogenous structure and all parts are equal in function.
  • The brain is highly specialized, with different areas dedicated to specific functions.
  • Different areas of the brain are solely responsible for specific cognitive functions.
  • Different areas of the brain have the potential to take over the functions of damaged areas. (correct)

    • What is the purpose of trephination?

  • To release pressure from the brain caused by a buildup of fluid or blood. (correct)
  • To remove tumors from the brain.
  • To access the ventricles of the brain for cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
  • To study the function of different brain regions.

    • Which of the following statements best describes Golgi staining?

    <p>A technique that allows for the visualization of a small percentage of neurons in a tissue sample. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a key concept discussed in the lecture?

    <p>The importance of neurotransmitters in communication between neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes LTD in synaptic transmission?

    <p>Weakening of synaptic connections through low-frequency stimulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to AMPA receptors when calcium enters due to NMDA receptor activation?

    <p>AMPA receptors are removed, weakening synaptic transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maze is specifically used to test spatial memory in rats?

    <p>Water Maze (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is classical conditioning applied in immunology?

    <p>By associating neutral stimuli with immune-modulating agents over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines learning in the context of behavior and experiences?

    <p>A relatively lasting change in behavior resulting from experience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium at the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Calcium influx triggers synaptic vesicle fusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Botox affect neuromuscular junction (NMJ) function?

    <p>Blocks acetylcholine release by cleaving SNARE proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to repolarization during an action potential?

    <p>Opening of Voltage-Gated K⁺ Channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT commonly known to affect susceptibility to neural damage?

    <p>High calcium intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which phase of the action potential do Na⁺ channels become inactivated?

    <p>Peak of AP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased extracellular Na⁺ affect action potential amplitude?

    <p>It enhances the amplitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Myasthenia Gravis, auto-antibodies target which part of the synaptic mechanism?

    <p>Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do K⁺ channels play during hyperpolarization?

    <p>They overshoot the resting potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is used to increase the availability of acetylcholine in Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Tetanus toxin at the NMJ?

    <p>Blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do Na⁺ blockers have on action potentials?

    <p>They prevent action potential initiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle factor is associated with increased susceptibility to neural damage?

    <p>Smoking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the return to resting potential after an action potential?

    <p>Na⁺/K⁺ pump restores ionic gradients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interrupts the positive feedback loop of the action potential?

    <p>Inactivation of Voltage-Gated Na⁺ Channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'potency' in a cellular context?

    <p>The gene activation potential within a cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the action potential amplitude if extracellular K⁺ levels are increased?

    <p>The amplitude decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acetylcholine receptor?

    <p>To bind acetylcholine and trigger cellular responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor primarily acts as an inhibitory receptor in the central nervous system?

    <p>GABA receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is crucial for memory consolidation, particularly for spatial and declarative memory?

    <p>Hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates local signaling from long-distance signaling?

    <p>Local signaling occurs between nearby cells, while long-distance signaling affects distant cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do agonists play in receptor activity?

    <p>Activate receptors to produce a biological response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) affect a neuron?

    <p>Increase the likelihood of an action potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which locations are inhibitory synapses most often found?

    <p>On the soma and axon hillock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between spatial summation and temporal summation?

    <p>Spatial summation involves multiple inputs from different locations, whereas temporal summation involves multiple inputs in quick succession from the same neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of neurotransmitters at the axon terminal?

    <p>Action potential arrival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change in postsynaptic membrane potential is associated with an excitatory effect?

    <p>Increase in Na+ influx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of benzodiazepines on GABA receptors?

    <p>Enhance frequency of channel opening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>Strengthening of synaptic connections with high-frequency stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes NMDA receptors from AMPA receptors?

    <p>NMDA receptors require both glutamate binding and membrane depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an action potential opens voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels?

    <p>Ca²⁺ enters the axon terminal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about synaptic depression is correct?

    <p>It occurs with repetitive stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does habituation differ from sensitization?

    <p>Habituation is a decrease in response; sensitization is an increase in response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Trephination

    A surgical procedure that makes a hole in the skull.

    Ventricles

    Cavities in the brain producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Phrenology

    The theory that skull bumps relate to mental abilities and character traits.

    Equipotentiality

    The theory that brain areas can compensate for damaged regions' functions.

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    Golgi Staining

    A technique to visualize nervous tissue by staining a small percentage of neurons.

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    Action Potential (AP)

    A rapid change in membrane potential that travels along neurons.

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    Voltage-Gated Na⁺ Channels

    Channels that open during depolarization to allow Na⁺ influx.

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    Repolarization

    The process of returning the membrane potential to a negative value after an AP.

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    Voltage-Gated K⁺ Channels

    Channels that open during repolarization allowing K⁺ to exit the cell.

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    Ionic Basis of AP

    The sequence of ion movements during different phases of the action potential.

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    Positive Feedback Loop

    Process that accelerates depolarization during the rising phase of the AP.

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    All-or-None Response

    AP occurs fully once the threshold is reached; its amplitude and duration are constant.

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    Effects of Ion Channel Blockers

    Agents that stop Na⁺ or K⁺ channels can prevent or prolong APs.

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    Susceptibility Factors

    Elements affecting neuron and glial cell damage, including genetics and lifestyle.

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    Genetic Vulnerability

    Specific HLA gene variants that increase risk for neurological diseases.

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    Calcium's Role in Synaptic Transmission

    Calcium influx triggers vesicle fusion, releasing neurotransmitters.

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    Botox Mechanism

    Botulinum toxin prevents ACh release by cleaving SNARE proteins.

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    Tetanus Toxin Effect

    Blocks GABA and glycine release, leading to continuous muscle contraction.

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    Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms

    Causes muscle weakness, drooping eyelids, fatigue with activity.

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    Auto-antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis

    Target nicotinic ACh receptors, disrupting transmission at NMJ.

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    Affinity

    Strength of binding interaction between a molecule and its receptor.

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    Long-Term Depression (LTD)

    Weakening of synaptic connections due to low-frequency stimulation.

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    NMDA Receptor Activation

    Activation relies on the postsynaptic neuron's stimulation frequency.

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    Calcium Entry Effects

    Calcium activates signaling pathways and alters AMPA receptor interactions.

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    Spatial Learning Assays

    Tests for spatial memory, using mazes like the water maze and radial arm maze.

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    Classical Conditioning

    Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus.

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    Acetylcholine Receptor

    A protein that binds acetylcholine, triggering cell responses.

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    GABA Receptor

    A protein complex that responds to GABA, inhibiting neuron activity.

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    Hippocampus

    Brain region involved in memory consolidation and spatial navigation.

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    Local Signaling

    Communication between nearby cells through methods like synaptic signaling.

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    Long Distance Signaling

    Communication across the body via hormones (endocrine signaling).

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    Agonist

    A substance that activates a receptor, causing a biological response.

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    EPSP vs IPSP

    EPSPs depolarize membranes to increase action potential likelihood; IPSPs hyperpolarize to decrease it.

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    Spatial vs Temporal Summation

    Spatial is combining signals from different locations; temporal is from the same source in quick succession.

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    Transmitter Release Steps

    Order of steps leading to neurotransmitter release: action potential, Ca²⁺ influx, vesicle fusion, release, receptor binding, membrane potential change.

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    Types of Receptors and Effects

    The same neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor it binds to.

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    GABA Modulators

    Benzodiazepines enhance GABA receptor activity; barbiturates extend opening duration of Cl- channels.

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    Calcium Influx Trigger

    Calcium enters axonal terminal when action potentials open voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.

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    Procedural vs Declarative Memory

    Procedural memory is implicit (skills), while declarative memory is explicit (facts).

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    Conditioned vs Unconditioned Stimulus

    Conditioned stimulus elicits response after conditioning; unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers response.

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    Sensitization vs Habituation

    Sensitization is increased response to a stimulus; habituation is decreased response to a repeated stimulus.

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    Study Notes

    Definitions

    • Affinity: The strength of a molecule's binding to another.
    • Potency: The potential of a molecule to evoke a response.
    • Agonist: A substance that binds to receptors, mimicking a neurotransmitter's action.
    • Antagonist: A substance that blocks receptor activation by neurotransmitters.
    • Ligand: A molecule that binds to a receptor, initiating a signal transduction pathway.
    • Exogenous: Originating from outside the body.
    • Endogenous: Originating from inside the body.
    • Neurotransmitter: A chemical released by a neuron for communication with another.
    • Neuromuscular junction: A specialized synapse where a motor neuron connects with a muscle fiber.

    Concepts

    • Local vs. Long-Distance signaling: Local: nearby cell communication; Long Distance: hormones.
    • Agonist v. Antagonist: Agonist: activates a receptor; Antagonist: blocks it.
    • Endogenous v. Exogenous ligands: Endogenous: naturally from the body; Exogenous: introduced from outside.
    • EPSPs v. IPSPs: EPSPs (excitatory) depolarize, IPSPs (inhibitory) hyperpolarize.
    • Spatial v. Temporal summation: Spatial: multiple signals combine at a single location, Temporal: signals from the same source are received close together.

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    NU Master Doc PDF - Cell Biology of Neurons & Neurotransmission Exam 1

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key terms and concepts related to neurotransmitters and their functions. This quiz covers definitions of agonists, antagonists, ligands, and the distinctions between local and long-distance signaling mechanisms. Enhance your understanding of both endogenous and exogenous factors in neurotransmission.

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