Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
- To facilitate communication between neurons (correct)
- To form connections in the brain
- To provide energy to neurons
- To create protectiveness around neurons
Which neurotransmitter is known for its inhibitory properties?
Which neurotransmitter is known for its inhibitory properties?
- Glutamate
- GABA (correct)
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
What structure within a neuron releases neurotransmitters?
What structure within a neuron releases neurotransmitters?
- Nucleus
- Dendrites
- Axon terminal (correct)
- Cell body
Which process describes the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the axon terminal?
Which process describes the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the axon terminal?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?
Which type of neurotransmitter is known for increasing attention and memory?
Which type of neurotransmitter is known for increasing attention and memory?
What role does the reticular formation play in brain function?
What role does the reticular formation play in brain function?
Which neurotransmitter is released to dampen pain responses?
Which neurotransmitter is released to dampen pain responses?
What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?
What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during a crisis?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during a crisis?
Which brain mapping method provides information about brain activity but may lack specificity?
Which brain mapping method provides information about brain activity but may lack specificity?
What does a positron emission tomography (PET) scan measure?
What does a positron emission tomography (PET) scan measure?
Which brain imaging technique is known for being motion sensitive?
Which brain imaging technique is known for being motion sensitive?
What is the main function of the retina in the human eye?
What is the main function of the retina in the human eye?
Which principle correctly describes sensation in humans?
Which principle correctly describes sensation in humans?
What primary aspect does the occipital lobe process?
What primary aspect does the occipital lobe process?
What does Weber's law state about detecting stimulus changes?
What does Weber's law state about detecting stimulus changes?
What is a key feature of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
What is a key feature of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
What is the absolute threshold in psychophysics?
What is the absolute threshold in psychophysics?
Which neuroimaging technique visualizes brain structure by measuring energy release from hydrogen atoms?
Which neuroimaging technique visualizes brain structure by measuring energy release from hydrogen atoms?
What is the primary role of cones in the retina?
What is the primary role of cones in the retina?
What is the function of the lens in the human eye?
What is the function of the lens in the human eye?
Which part of the eye is responsible for the acuity of vision?
Which part of the eye is responsible for the acuity of vision?
Which processing model involves perception driven by external stimuli?
Which processing model involves perception driven by external stimuli?
What does operant conditioning primarily depend on?
What does operant conditioning primarily depend on?
In Thorndike's law of effect, which scenario is likely to lead to repeated behavior?
In Thorndike's law of effect, which scenario is likely to lead to repeated behavior?
What is the primary purpose of negative reinforcement?
What is the primary purpose of negative reinforcement?
Which of the following best defines positive punishment?
Which of the following best defines positive punishment?
Stimulus discrimination in conditioning refers to which of the following?
Stimulus discrimination in conditioning refers to which of the following?
What is the function of rhodopsin in the eye?
What is the function of rhodopsin in the eye?
Which type of color mixing produces white light?
Which type of color mixing produces white light?
What does the trichromatic theory of color vision propose?
What does the trichromatic theory of color vision propose?
Which phenomenon describes the inability to notice a stimulus in plain sight when attention is focused elsewhere?
Which phenomenon describes the inability to notice a stimulus in plain sight when attention is focused elsewhere?
Which part of the ear is visible and includes skin and cartilage?
Which part of the ear is visible and includes skin and cartilage?
How does selective attention affect sensory processing?
How does selective attention affect sensory processing?
What type of frequencies can humans typically perceive?
What type of frequencies can humans typically perceive?
What is the primary auditory characteristic determined by the amplitude of sound waves?
What is the primary auditory characteristic determined by the amplitude of sound waves?
Which theory addresses how the brain organizes sensory information into perceptions?
Which theory addresses how the brain organizes sensory information into perceptions?
What is considered a result of the opponent process theory of color vision?
What is considered a result of the opponent process theory of color vision?
What is the process of thinking about our own thinking called?
What is the process of thinking about our own thinking called?
What triggers the process of falling asleep?
What triggers the process of falling asleep?
Which stage of sleep is characterized by vivid dreams and quick eye movements?
Which stage of sleep is characterized by vivid dreams and quick eye movements?
Which brain activity is predominant in Stage 3 (non-REM) sleep?
Which brain activity is predominant in Stage 3 (non-REM) sleep?
What is a significant consequence of building up a sleep debt?
What is a significant consequence of building up a sleep debt?
During which stage are sleep spindles and K-complexes primarily observed?
During which stage are sleep spindles and K-complexes primarily observed?
What effect does alcohol have on Stage 3 (non-REM) sleep?
What effect does alcohol have on Stage 3 (non-REM) sleep?
What role does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) play in the body?
What role does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) play in the body?
What is the main limitation of cross-sectional design in research?
What is the main limitation of cross-sectional design in research?
What does illusory correlation refer to?
What does illusory correlation refer to?
What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?
What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?
What is a primary limitation of longitudinal designs in research?
What is a primary limitation of longitudinal designs in research?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between correlation and causation?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between correlation and causation?
What is the primary aim of Structuralism in psychology?
What is the primary aim of Structuralism in psychology?
Which theoretical perspective in psychology focuses on observable behaviors and their relationship with environmental stimuli?
Which theoretical perspective in psychology focuses on observable behaviors and their relationship with environmental stimuli?
Who is most closely associated with the theory of Cognitive Development?
Who is most closely associated with the theory of Cognitive Development?
What central idea does the Socio-Cultural Approach emphasize in understanding behavior?
What central idea does the Socio-Cultural Approach emphasize in understanding behavior?
Which of the following explanations aligns with Evolutionary Theory in psychology?
Which of the following explanations aligns with Evolutionary Theory in psychology?
What does the Humanistic Approach in psychology primarily focus on?
What does the Humanistic Approach in psychology primarily focus on?
Freud’s Psychoanalysis posits that which of the following drives human behavior?
Freud’s Psychoanalysis posits that which of the following drives human behavior?
William Wundt is best known for founding which branch of psychology?
William Wundt is best known for founding which branch of psychology?
What is a primary characteristic of a double blind design in research?
What is a primary characteristic of a double blind design in research?
Which statistical measure represents the central tendency of a data set?
Which statistical measure represents the central tendency of a data set?
Which phenomenon occurs when participants expect an improvement, leading to actual positive outcomes?
Which phenomenon occurs when participants expect an improvement, leading to actual positive outcomes?
What is an example of inferential statistics?
What is an example of inferential statistics?
What ethical issue is highlighted by the Tuskegee study?
What ethical issue is highlighted by the Tuskegee study?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
Which scenario illustrates negative reinforcement?
Which scenario illustrates negative reinforcement?
Which of the following best summarizes descriptive statistics?
Which of the following best summarizes descriptive statistics?
In the context of the law of effect, which of the following statements is true?
In the context of the law of effect, which of the following statements is true?
What issue does research participant bias primarily pertain to?
What issue does research participant bias primarily pertain to?
Which term describes when a conditioned response occurs only to a specific stimulus?
Which term describes when a conditioned response occurs only to a specific stimulus?
What does practical significance refer to in research findings?
What does practical significance refer to in research findings?
What does positive punishment involve?
What does positive punishment involve?
What role does the temporal lobe perform in the human brain?
What role does the temporal lobe perform in the human brain?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known for controlling rest and digestion?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known for controlling rest and digestion?
What is the primary imaging technique that allows visualization of brain activity during tasks?
What is the primary imaging technique that allows visualization of brain activity during tasks?
Which brain mapping method directly measures electrical activity in the brain?
Which brain mapping method directly measures electrical activity in the brain?
Which neuroimaging technique is most precise for tracking neural activity in real-time?
Which neuroimaging technique is most precise for tracking neural activity in real-time?
What specialized function does the occipital lobe contribute to?
What specialized function does the occipital lobe contribute to?
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is activated during a fight-or-flight response?
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is activated during a fight-or-flight response?
What does a positron emission tomography (PET) scan primarily measure?
What does a positron emission tomography (PET) scan primarily measure?
What is the primary difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
What is the primary difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
Which memory strategy is NOT commonly associated with improving short-term memory retention?
Which memory strategy is NOT commonly associated with improving short-term memory retention?
What does the concept of 'decay' refer to in the context of forgetting?
What does the concept of 'decay' refer to in the context of forgetting?
Which type of memory is associated with temporarily holding sensory information?
Which type of memory is associated with temporarily holding sensory information?
What are schemas in the context of memory storage?
What are schemas in the context of memory storage?
Which of the following best describes elaborative rehearsal?
Which of the following best describes elaborative rehearsal?
What is a key characteristic of iconic memory?
What is a key characteristic of iconic memory?
Which method is referred to as 'the method of savings' in memory studies?
Which method is referred to as 'the method of savings' in memory studies?
What is the term that describes the consistency of measurement scores over time?
What is the term that describes the consistency of measurement scores over time?
Which of the following is a potential issue when using self-report measures?
Which of the following is a potential issue when using self-report measures?
What percentage of married women reported that their closest emotional relationship is not with their husband according to the Hite Report?
What percentage of married women reported that their closest emotional relationship is not with their husband according to the Hite Report?
What does a correlation of -1 indicate?
What does a correlation of -1 indicate?
Which type of reliability assesses whether different raters provide similar scores?
Which type of reliability assesses whether different raters provide similar scores?
What primary issue is addressed by employing a double blind design in experiments?
What primary issue is addressed by employing a double blind design in experiments?
Which statistical measure is best used to represent the central tendency of a data set with extreme outliers?
Which statistical measure is best used to represent the central tendency of a data set with extreme outliers?
What is the major ethical issue highlighted by the Tuskegee study?
What is the major ethical issue highlighted by the Tuskegee study?
What best describes the placebo effect in experimental research?
What best describes the placebo effect in experimental research?
What type of statistic helps determine if results from a sample can be generalized to a larger population?
What type of statistic helps determine if results from a sample can be generalized to a larger population?
Which factor is NOT considered when evaluating practical significance of research findings?
Which factor is NOT considered when evaluating practical significance of research findings?
What does the term 'nocebo effect' refer to in experimental contexts?
What does the term 'nocebo effect' refer to in experimental contexts?
Which measure of variability indicates the average distance of data points from the mean?
Which measure of variability indicates the average distance of data points from the mean?
Which structure within the ear is responsible for converting vibrations into neural activity?
Which structure within the ear is responsible for converting vibrations into neural activity?
What are the five basic tastes that humans can detect?
What are the five basic tastes that humans can detect?
Which part of the body has a low two-point threshold due to a high density of somatosensory receptors?
Which part of the body has a low two-point threshold due to a high density of somatosensory receptors?
What is the significance of the homunculus representation in the primary somatosensory cortex?
What is the significance of the homunculus representation in the primary somatosensory cortex?
How do olfaction and gustation enhance our eating experience?
How do olfaction and gustation enhance our eating experience?
What distinguishes the receptors in olfactory neurons from taste receptors on the tongue?
What distinguishes the receptors in olfactory neurons from taste receptors on the tongue?
Which sensory system is primarily responsible for the detection of pressure and texture on the skin?
Which sensory system is primarily responsible for the detection of pressure and texture on the skin?
Which part of the brain processes both smell and taste information?
Which part of the brain processes both smell and taste information?
What is a major role of the substantia nigra in the brain?
What is a major role of the substantia nigra in the brain?
Which function is primarily associated with the hypothalamus?
Which function is primarily associated with the hypothalamus?
What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?
What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?
What role does the corpus callosum play in the brain?
What role does the corpus callosum play in the brain?
Which lobe of the brain is specialized for processing sensory information related to touch?
Which lobe of the brain is specialized for processing sensory information related to touch?
Which structure is primarily involved in emotional processing within the limbic system?
Which structure is primarily involved in emotional processing within the limbic system?
What is the primary characteristic of Stage 3 (non-REM) sleep?
What is the primary characteristic of Stage 3 (non-REM) sleep?
What aspect of the basal ganglia is particularly significant regarding movement?
What aspect of the basal ganglia is particularly significant regarding movement?
At what age is the prefrontal cortex typically considered to be fully developed?
At what age is the prefrontal cortex typically considered to be fully developed?
Which structure regulates the body’s circadian rhythm?
Which structure regulates the body’s circadian rhythm?
What typically occurs during REM sleep?
What typically occurs during REM sleep?
How long does a typical sleep cycle last?
How long does a typical sleep cycle last?
Which of the following is a consequence of sleep deprivation?
Which of the following is a consequence of sleep deprivation?
What role do sleep spindles and K-complexes play during sleep?
What role do sleep spindles and K-complexes play during sleep?
What physiological change is triggered by increased levels of melatonin?
What physiological change is triggered by increased levels of melatonin?
Which statement best describes the impact of circadian rhythm disruption?
Which statement best describes the impact of circadian rhythm disruption?
What are the three primary colors based on the trichromatic theory of color vision?
What are the three primary colors based on the trichromatic theory of color vision?
Which theory of color perception describes the function of complementary, opposing colors?
Which theory of color perception describes the function of complementary, opposing colors?
How does the quality of light affect the perception of color?
How does the quality of light affect the perception of color?
What does inattentional blindness refer to?
What does inattentional blindness refer to?
What aspect of sound does the term 'timbre' refer to?
What aspect of sound does the term 'timbre' refer to?
What phenomenon explains the brain's ability to combine various types of sensory information into a coherent perception?
What phenomenon explains the brain's ability to combine various types of sensory information into a coherent perception?
Which area of the brain is involved in processing lines and orientations in visual perception?
Which area of the brain is involved in processing lines and orientations in visual perception?
What is the role of selective attention in perception?
What is the role of selective attention in perception?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between sound frequency and pitch?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between sound frequency and pitch?
What is a primary function of the optic nerve?
What is a primary function of the optic nerve?
Flashcards
Neuron function
Neuron function
Neurons are specialized brain cells that communicate with each other.
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that allow neuron-to-neuron communication.
Synapse
Synapse
The space between two neurons where neurotransmitters travel.
Reuptake
Reuptake
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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GABA
GABA
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Cerebellum function
Cerebellum function
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Medulla function
Medulla function
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Temporal Lobe Function
Temporal Lobe Function
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Occipital Lobe Function
Occipital Lobe Function
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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EEG (Electroencephalograph)
EEG (Electroencephalograph)
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CT Scan
CT Scan
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fMRI (Functional MRI)
fMRI (Functional MRI)
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TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
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Sensation
Sensation
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Perception
Perception
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Bottom-up processing
Bottom-up processing
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Top-down processing
Top-down processing
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Absolute threshold
Absolute threshold
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Just noticeable difference
Just noticeable difference
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Transduction
Transduction
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Sensory adaptation
Sensory adaptation
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Stream of consciousness
Stream of consciousness
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Meta-cognition
Meta-cognition
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Theory of mind
Theory of mind
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Circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythm
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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Sleep debt
Sleep debt
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Stages of sleep
Stages of sleep
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REM sleep
REM sleep
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Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus Discrimination
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Second-order Conditioning
Second-order Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Law of Effect
Law of Effect
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
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Optical Nerve
Optical Nerve
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Brightness
Brightness
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Hue
Hue
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Saturation
Saturation
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Trichromatic Theory
Trichromatic Theory
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Opponent Process Theory
Opponent Process Theory
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Feature Detectors
Feature Detectors
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Inattentional Blindness
Inattentional Blindness
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Binding Problem
Binding Problem
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Negative Correlation
Negative Correlation
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Illusory Correlation
Illusory Correlation
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Correlation ≠Causation
Correlation ≠Causation
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Cross-Sectional Design
Cross-Sectional Design
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Longitudinal Design
Longitudinal Design
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What is introspection?
What is introspection?
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What is Structuralism?
What is Structuralism?
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What is Functionalism?
What is Functionalism?
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What is Behaviourism?
What is Behaviourism?
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What is Cognitivism?
What is Cognitivism?
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What is Psychoanalysis?
What is Psychoanalysis?
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Humanistic Approach
Humanistic Approach
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Socio-cultural Approach
Socio-cultural Approach
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What are the four types of operant conditioning?
What are the four types of operant conditioning?
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Placebo Effect
Placebo Effect
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Nocebo Effect
Nocebo Effect
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Experimenter Bias
Experimenter Bias
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Research Participant Bias
Research Participant Bias
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Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
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Inferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics
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Statistical Significance
Statistical Significance
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Practical Significance
Practical Significance
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Memory
Memory
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory (STM)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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Chunking
Chunking
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Elaborative Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
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Recall
Recall
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Recognition
Recognition
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fMRI
fMRI
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Sampling Bias
Sampling Bias
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Reliability
Reliability
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Validity
Validity
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Positive Impression Management
Positive Impression Management
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Correlation
Correlation
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Control Group
Control Group
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Experimental Group
Experimental Group
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Substantia Nigra
Substantia Nigra
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
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Limbic System
Limbic System
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Lateralization
Lateralization
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Photopigment in rods
Photopigment in rods
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What is the optic nerve?
What is the optic nerve?
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What is Hue?
What is Hue?
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What is Saturation?
What is Saturation?
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What is Inattentional Blindness?
What is Inattentional Blindness?
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What is the Binding Problem?
What is the Binding Problem?
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What is Loudness?
What is Loudness?
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Non-REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep
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Delta Waves
Delta Waves
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Middle Ear Function
Middle Ear Function
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Inner Ear Function
Inner Ear Function
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Olfaction and Gustation
Olfaction and Gustation
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Five Basic Tastes
Five Basic Tastes
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Somatosensory Receptors
Somatosensory Receptors
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Two-point Threshold
Two-point Threshold
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Homunculus
Homunculus
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Consciousness
Consciousness
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Study Notes
Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology
- Psychology has seven major schools of thought that have shaped modern psychology
- These schools offer different approaches to understanding behavior, with no single "correct" perspective
The History of Psychology
- Psychology was originally part of philosophy, focusing on the mind, observation, and common sense
- William Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879
- Introspection (reflecting on one's own thought process) was a key method in early psychology
Structuralism
- Focused on understanding the fundamental elements of consciousness
- William Wundt and Edward Titchener were key figures
- Aim was to identify the basic components of psychological experience
Evolutionary Theory
- Charles Darwin and later David Buss influenced this theory
- The theory explains behavior based on evolution, including natural selection, variation, selective advantage, and inheritance
- Aims to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics such as aggression, phobias, and memory.
Behaviorism
- Watson and Skinner were central figures in this school
- The focus is on observable behaviors that can be measured and recorded
- Learning is explained through general laws of learning
Cognitivism
- Piaget and Neisser focused on the role of thoughts in driving behavior
- The aim of this school is to understand how thoughts impact behavior in various contexts. This includes things like attention, memory, and adaptive thinking patterns
Psychoanalysis
- Freud and Jung were influential figures in this perspective
- The emphasis is on unconscious processes, often stemming from early childhood experiences.
- The theory explores the unconscious drives that influence behavior.
Additional Approaches
- Humanistic Approach: Focuses on the capacity for people to grow and flourish; emphasizes free will and altruism.
- Socio-cultural Approach: Examines how social and cultural factors influence behavior; looks across cultures.
- Biological Approach: Examines how brain, nervous system, and genetic factors influence behavior.
What Do Psychologists Do?
- Wide range of practices in various settings
- Focuses on mental health, educational adjustments, and community-psychology
The Scientific Toolbox
- Psychologists use various methods for gathering evidence.
- This includes: Naturalistic observation, case studies, self-report measures, correlational designs, and experimental designs
Evaluating Self-Report Measures
- Reliability: Consistency of measurement over time and across repeated measures
- Validity: Degree to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure
Naturalistic Observation
- Observing behavior in real-world settings
- High external validity (findings can be generalized)
- Low internal validity (cannot determine cause-and-effect)
Case Studies
- Studying one or a few individuals in depth
- Useful for examining rare or unusual phenomena
- May not be generalizable to the wider population due to low external validity
Self-Report and Surveys
- Measures subjective characteristics like personality, mental health, and attitudes
- Can be used for opinions, attitudes and perceptions
Correlation Design
- Examines the relationship between two or more variables
- Positive correlations mean variables change in the same direction
- Negative correlations mean variables change in opposite directions
- Zero correlation means no relationship
- Cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships
Longitudinal Designs.
- Study the same group of individuals over time to track how those individuals changes
Experimental Designs
- Manipulating independent variable and measuring dependent variable
- Aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships
- Involves controlling and manipulating variables for accurate results.
Experimenter Bias
- Experimenter bias comes in the form of unintentional influence on the results by the researcher
Participant Bias
- Subtle cues by the researcher that lead participants to guess the study's hypothesis
Ethical Issues in Research
- Must adhere to ethical guidelines when conducting psychological research
Statistics (Descriptive & Inferential)
- Descriptive Statistics summarise data
- Inferential Statistics: Used to draw conclusions or make inferences from data
Neurons and Transmission
- Neurons communicate through neurotransmitters in the synapse.
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. Some excite and others inhibit the nervous system to help transmit messages in the body
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain
- Hindbrain controls vital functions
- Midbrain acts as a relay center
- Forebrain is the largest portion of the brain and controls complex function, such as cognitive
The Cerebral Cortex
- Divided into four lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal.
- Each lobe has specialized functions
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: The detection of physical stimulus
- Perception: The brain's interpretation of raw sensory data
- Bottom-up and top-down processing are both important in sensory experience
Psychophysics
- Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological response
The Visual System
- Includes the eye, light reception, signal transmission to the brain, and interpretation
- Our visual perception is dependent on the brightness, color, and purity of light
Color perception
Perception of Color
The Role of Attention in Perception
- Selective attention allows us to focus on specific stimuli
- This allows us to filter out less important information
- Inattentional blindness occurs when you don't notice stimuli in plain sight, and change blindness arises when you fail to notice changes in a scene.
Biology of Sleep
- Circadian rhythms regulate our sleep-wake cycle on a 24-hour basis
- Sleep has different stages, including non-REM and REM
- Sleep deprivation can have negative effects on cognitive and physical health
Learning
- Classical conditioning associates two stimuli, creating a response to one previously neutral stimulus
- Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior (rewards and punishments)
Memory
- Memory is the retention of information over time
- Memory processes involve sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory stages.
- Memory involves acquiring, storing, and retrieving information in the brain
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Description
Test your knowledge on neurotransmitters and their roles in the brain with this quiz. You'll explore important concepts such as brain functions, types of neurotransmitters, and brain imaging techniques. Perfect for students studying neuroscience or psychology.
