25 Questions
What is the primary reason why the frontal lobes are of most interest to psychotherapy interventions like CBT?
They are home to the PFC, which is involved in executive functions.
What is the function of catechol-o-methyltransferase?
Methylates norepinephrine and intermediate metabolites
What is one of the executive functions associated with the PFC in the frontal lobes?
Concentration and organization
What is NOT a function associated with the frontal lobes?
Language comprehension
What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by monoamine oxidase?
Aldehydes
What is the substrate for monoamine oxidase?
Norepinephrine and normetanephrine
What is the term used to describe the ability to regulate one's emotions, which is associated with the frontal lobes?
Emotional regulation
What is the difference between the functions of catechol-o-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase?
Catechol-o-methyltransferase methylates, while monoamine oxidase deaminates
According to the content, what is the outcome of having healthy frontal lobe function?
Healthy relationships with oneself and others
Which of the following is NOT a metabolite of norepinephrine?
Dopamine
What happens when reuptake or enzyme degradation is blocked?
A higher concentration of neurotransmitter is available in the synaptic cleft
What is the primary function of enzyme degradation in neurotransmission?
To decrease the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
What is the main purpose of reuptake in neurotransmission?
To terminate the action of neurotransmitters
What is the net result of blocking reuptake and enzyme degradation?
Increased neurotransmitter activity
What is the primary mechanism of regulating neurotransmitter activity?
Regulation of reuptake and enzyme degradation
What type of receptor does Memantine antagonize?
NMDA receptor
What is the primary mechanism of action of Memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?
Blocking the influx of calcium
What is the indication for Memantine (Namenda) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?
Moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease
What is the name of the brand-name medication that is an NMDA receptor antagonist?
Namenda
What is the relationship between Memantine and GABA?
Memantine has no effect on GABA
The left OFC is associated with emotions that are
more positive
The right OFC is associated with emotions that are
more negative
What is the primary difference between the left and right OFC?
Emotional associations
Which of the following is NOT a function of the left OFC?
Processing negative emotions
What can be inferred about the hemispherical differences in the OFC?
They are similar to other areas of the PFC
Study Notes
OFC Hemispherical Differences
- Left OFC is associated with positive emotions
- Right OFC is associated with more negative emotions
Memantine (Namenda)
- NMDA receptor antagonist
- Blocks influx of calcium
- Indicated for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease
Neurotransmitter Regulation
- GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter
- Catechol-o-methyltransferase: methylates norepinephrine and intermediate metabolites
- Monoamine oxidase: deaminates norepinephrine and normetanephrine to their corresponding aldehydes
- Reuptake or enzyme degradation blockage: increases neurotransmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft
Frontal Lobes and PFC
- Frontal lobes: home to the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
- PFC: involved in executive functions, including:
- Concentration
- Organization
- Judgment
- Reasoning
- Decision-making
- Creativity
- Emotional regulation
- Social-relational abilities
- Abstract thinking
- Importance of PFC in healthy relationships with oneself and others
This quiz covers the differences in brain hemispheres and their relation to emotions, the effects of Memantine on Alzheimer's disease, and the regulation of neurotransmitters like GABA and norepinephrine.
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