Neuroscience Week 7: Echoes and Light
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What is described as a repetition of sound due to reflection?

  • Resonance
  • Reverberation
  • Feedback
  • Echo (correct)

    • Which animal is known to use echo for location and navigation?

  • Bat (correct)
  • Lion
  • Elephant
  • Eagle

    • What is one of the applications of echoes in technology?

  • Television broadcasting
  • Sonar technology (correct)
  • Thermal imaging
  • Optical fiber communications

    • What mechanism allows sound to be heard after a delay?

    <p>Sound reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal body parts?

    <p>Echocardiograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily detected by the on-centre ganglion cells?

    <p>Edges and contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon exemplifies the perception of an edge as a contrast between two areas?

    <p>Mach band illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the selective sensitivities of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells?

    <p>Direction of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enhances edges in the visual field?

    <p>Contrast enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The receptive fields of lateral geniculate cells are selective to which of the following?

    <p>Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response do off-centre ganglion cells typically have?

    <p>High response to dark areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common implication of visual impairment?

    <p>Increased likelihood of mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes how the primary visual cortex functions?

    <p>It analyzes edges and fills in visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the retina?

    <p>To capture incoming photons and transmit them as neural signals to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of neurons are found in the retina?

    <p>Receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to light before it activates the receptors in the retina?

    <p>It passes through other layers of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do retinal neurons communicate with one another?

    <p>Via synapses using neurotransmitters and gap junctions for ionic movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blind spot in the retina?

    <p>The point where the optic nerve exits the eye, with no retinal ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength range of visible light that the human eye can detect?

    <p>380 – 700 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when you stare at the cross while closing one eye?

    <p>The black spot will disappear as you move closer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye acts as a protective layer and refracts light?

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells are rods and cones classified as?

    <p>Photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the transmission of signals from the retina to the brain?

    <p>Neural signals are transmitted as electric and chemical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the thinning of the cornea, creating a cone shape that distorts vision?

    <p>Keratoconus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the retina are responsible for color perception?

    <p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of visible light in Hz?

    <p>430 trillion to 750 trillion Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about light is NOT true?

    <p>Light has only one frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of rods in the retina is primarily related to which aspect of vision?

    <p>Vision in low light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important function does the cornea perform aside from covering the iris and pupil?

    <p>Filtering some UV rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the retina in the human eye?

    <p>Converts light to neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding how the brain processes visual information in psychology?

    <p>It provides insights into areas like visual perception and object recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the image on the retina appear inverted?

    <p>As a result of the cornea bending light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of light is primarily responsible for the perception of color?

    <p>Wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do humans gain from having eyes mounted side-by-side?

    <p>Improved depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'saccades' refer to in eye movement?

    <p>Quick, small eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the brain interpret static images received from the retina?

    <p>It integrates snapshots to build continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binocular disparity in vision?

    <p>The difference in position of the same image on two retinas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does eye-tracking technology serve in understanding eye movement?

    <p>It analyzes eye movements for insights into visual scanning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between eye movements and visual attention?

    <p>Moving the eyes helps scan a visual scene effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes cone vision compared to rod vision?

    <p>Higher acuity and color perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in convergence between cones and rods?

    <p>Rods have a greater convergence than cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vision is primarily associated with dim lighting conditions?

    <p>Scotopic vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cone is responsible for perceiving blue light?

    <p>Short-wave cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual pathway conducts signals from each retina to the primary visual cortex?

    <p>Retina-geniculate-striate pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the difference between on-centre and off-centre cells in retinal ganglion cells?

    <p>Off-centre cells fire in response to peripheral light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of colour blindness is most commonly inherited?

    <p>Protanopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about visual transduction is true?

    <p>It involves light activating photo-sensitive pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the visual system?

    <p>Receiving and processing visual signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary visual cortex is also known as?

    <p>Striate cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stream in visual processing is primarily concerned with 'where' information?

    <p>Dorsal stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does dim light have on cone receptors?

    <p>Cones do not respond at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily represented in the receptive field of a visual neuron?

    <p>Areas that influence neuronal firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neuroscience Lecture Notes

    • Week 7: Thursday 21st November 2024 - Introduction to Neuroscience
    • Lecturer: Dr Abigail Fiske
    • Email: [email protected]

    Echoes

    • An echo is the repetition of a sound due to reflection.
    • Sound waves bounce off surfaces like the bottom of wells, inside caves, etc.
    • There's a delay between the sound's source and the echo reaching the listener's ears.
    • Some animals, like dolphins, whales, and bats, utilize echolocation for navigation and finding food.
    • This principle forms the basis of sonar technology and echocardiograms.

    Light

    • Light is electromagnetic energy, varying between 380-760 nm.
    • Two properties are wavelength (affecting colour) and intensity (affecting brightness).
    • Light waves possess different frequencies, ranging from 430 to 750 trillion hertz.
    • Light travels very quickly at approximately 300,000,000 m/s.
    • Light reflects off objects, providing information about their location, shape, and colour.

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • Electromagnetic radiation encompasses a range of energy types (radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays).
    • Visible light is a small portion of this spectrum.

    The Human Eye

    • Cornea: Clear, protective front layer of the eye. It refracts (bends) light entering the eye.
    • Iris: Controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting pupil size.
    • Pupil: The opening in the iris through which light passes.
    • Lens: Adjusts shape to focus light onto the retina (accommodation).
    • Retina: Layer of photoreceptors (rods and cones) at the back of the eye which convert light into neural signals.
    • Fovea: Central part of the retina with the highest concentration of cones for sharp vision and colour.
    • Blind Spot: Area where the optic nerve exits the eye, lacking photoreceptors.
    • Optic Nerve: Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

    Keratoconus

    • Thinning and cone-shaped distortion of the cornea, disrupting vision.

    The Retina, Rods, and Cones

    • Retina: Layer of photoreceptor cells behind the eye, forming an image of what we see.

    • Rods: More sensitive to light than cones, crucial for vision in low light conditions (scotopic vision). Lack colour perception.

    • Cones: More sensitive to bright light, used for colour vision and high acuity (sharpness) (photopic vision).

    • Types of cones include short-wave (blue), medium-wave (green), and long-wave (red).

    • Convergence: How many receptor cells connect to a single ganglion cell (cones converge less than rods).

    Visual Transduction

    • The process of converting light into neural signals by rods and cones in the retina.
    • This process involves chemical reactions.

    Visual Processing - Visual Pathway

    • Retina-geniculate-striate pathway: The pathway from the retina to the primary visual cortex.
    • Information from the left visual field goes to the right side of the brain, and vice versa.
    • The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus receives visual information and relays it to the visual cortex.

    Visual Cortex - Dorsal and Ventral Streams

    • Dorsal Stream: "Where" pathway, processing spatial information and visual guidance of movements.
    • Ventral Stream: "What" pathway, processing object recognition and visual object identification.

    Receptive Fields of Retinal Ganglion Cells

    • Centre-surround receptive fields: These cells respond to edges by enhancing contrast and visual information.
    • On-center cells respond to light in the center, and off-center cells respond to light in the periphery of the receptive field.

    Color Blindness

    • Some people have difficulty distinguishing specific colours because of a lack of proper function of the cones.

    Homework

    • Read Chapter 6 of the textbook
    • Watch YouTube videos on this topic
    • Complete prep work for Lecture 6

    Additional

    • Questions from class: Students are asked to consider the importance of vision compared to other senses and how we would adapt if we lost it.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of echoes and light in this Neuroscience Week 7 quiz. Understand how sound and light interact with the environment and their significance in both biology and technology. This quiz enhances your grasp of essential physical principles in neuroscience.

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