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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the axon in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the axon in a neuron?
- Receive input from sensory receptors
- Transmit nerve impulses toward the cell body
- Carry nerve impulses away from the cell body (correct)
- Support structural integrity of neurons
Which statement best describes Broca's area?
Which statement best describes Broca's area?
- Responsible for visual perception in the occipital lobe
- Linked to speech production in the brain's left frontal lobe (correct)
- Involved in memory processing in the temporal lobe
- Essential for controlling motor functions in the parietal lobe
What does cognitive neuroscience primarily study?
What does cognitive neuroscience primarily study?
- The impact of environment on brain structure
- The mechanisms of neural connections only
- The effects of psychological trauma on behavior
- The neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior (correct)
What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?
Dualism, as attributed to René Descartes, suggests what about the relationship between the brain and the mind?
Dualism, as attributed to René Descartes, suggests what about the relationship between the brain and the mind?
How does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure brain activity?
How does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure brain activity?
Which best describes the principle of functional specialization in the brain?
Which best describes the principle of functional specialization in the brain?
What is prosopagnosia commonly known as?
What is prosopagnosia commonly known as?
What does a region of interest (ROI) refer to in neuroscience research?
What does a region of interest (ROI) refer to in neuroscience research?
What is the primary purpose of single cell recording in neuroscience?
What is the primary purpose of single cell recording in neuroscience?
Which condition is characterized by difficulty in recognizing objects despite intact early visual function?
Which condition is characterized by difficulty in recognizing objects despite intact early visual function?
What is a key function of Wernicke's area in the brain?
What is a key function of Wernicke's area in the brain?
Which of the following best describes transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?
Which of the following best describes transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?
What phenomenon refers to the tendency of people to remember pictures as extending beyond their edges?
What phenomenon refers to the tendency of people to remember pictures as extending beyond their edges?
In mental imagery, the depictive/analog view suggests that:
In mental imagery, the depictive/analog view suggests that:
What does binocular disparity help a person perceive?
What does binocular disparity help a person perceive?
What does the term 'figure-ground organization' refer to in visual perception?
What does the term 'figure-ground organization' refer to in visual perception?
How does the time taken for mental rotation of objects relate to their angular separation?
How does the time taken for mental rotation of objects relate to their angular separation?
What does the term 'mental scanning task' imply about mental imagery?
What does the term 'mental scanning task' imply about mental imagery?
Which of the following best describes 'object constancy'?
Which of the following best describes 'object constancy'?
What is the focus of the 'recognition by components' theory?
What is the focus of the 'recognition by components' theory?
Which describes the process of 'phoneme restoration effect'?
Which describes the process of 'phoneme restoration effect'?
What is an example of a monocular depth cue?
What is an example of a monocular depth cue?
What best conveys the concept of 'predictive coding' in visual processing?
What best conveys the concept of 'predictive coding' in visual processing?
What type of attention is influenced by voluntary effort and directs focus symbolically to a target location?
What type of attention is influenced by voluntary effort and directs focus symbolically to a target location?
Which theory suggests that attention causes the features of an object to be bound together for perception?
Which theory suggests that attention causes the features of an object to be bound together for perception?
In the context of attention, what does inattentional blindness refer to?
In the context of attention, what does inattentional blindness refer to?
What is the primary difference between explicit and implicit attention?
What is the primary difference between explicit and implicit attention?
Which of the following attention types is characterized by its direction towards an object rather than a point in space?
Which of the following attention types is characterized by its direction towards an object rather than a point in space?
What is the key function of the Posner cueing task in attention research?
What is the key function of the Posner cueing task in attention research?
Which cue engages reflexive attention and attracts focus to a specific location?
Which cue engages reflexive attention and attracts focus to a specific location?
What does Treisman's attenuator model suggest about the processing of meaningful information?
What does Treisman's attenuator model suggest about the processing of meaningful information?
What does 'transduction' refer to in the context of sensory perception?
What does 'transduction' refer to in the context of sensory perception?
Which pathway is primarily responsible for identifying what an object is?
Which pathway is primarily responsible for identifying what an object is?
What is 'attentional blink'?
What is 'attentional blink'?
What is the primary distinction between covert and overt attention?
What is the primary distinction between covert and overt attention?
What is the basis of Broadbent's filter model?
What is the basis of Broadbent's filter model?
What describes the process of 'unconscious inference'?
What describes the process of 'unconscious inference'?
How does the 'biased competition model of attention' work?
How does the 'biased competition model of attention' work?
What does 'dichotic listening' involve?
What does 'dichotic listening' involve?
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Study Notes
Neurons and Their Components
- Axon: Transmits nerve impulses away from the neuron's cell body towards other neurons' dendrites.
- Dendrites: Branchlike structures that receive input from sensory receptors or other neurons.
- Soma (Cell Body): Contains the nucleus and metabolic machinery of the neuron, receiving inputs.
Brain Areas and Their Functions
- Broca's Area: Located in the left frontal lobe, essential for speech production.
- Wernicke's Area: Situated in the left temporal lobe, crucial for language comprehension.
- Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex:
- Occipital Lobe: Focused on visual perception.
- Temporal Lobe: Involved in complex perception, memory, and language.
- Parietal Lobe: Important for action control.
- Frontal Lobe: Engaged in thinking, planning, and decision-making.
Brain Function and Research Techniques
- Cognitive Neuroscience: Examines the neural mechanisms behind cognition and behavior.
- Neuropsychology: Studies behavior changes due to brain damage.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons.
- Glial Cells: Supportive non-neuronal brain cells aiding neurons structurally and functionally.
Research and Measurement Methods
- Electroencephalography (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain via scalp electrodes.
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Localizes brain activity by measuring blood oxygen levels.
- Event-Related Potential (ERP): Captures time-locked EEG waveforms in response to stimuli.
- Single Cell Recording: Measures electrical activity from individual neurons.
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Alters brain activity to observe effects on behavior.
Psychological Concepts and Conditions
- Dualism: Proposed by René Descartes, suggests a distinction between mind (non-physical) and body (physical).
- Materialism: Posits that the mind arises entirely from brain processes.
- Prosopagnosia: Difficulty in recognizing faces, often referred to as face blindness.
- Spatial Neglect: Failure to process one side of the visual field post-brain injury.
Perception and Cognition
- Mental Imagery: Creating mental images without direct environmental input.
- Top-Down Processing: Interpretation of sensory input influenced by prior knowledge and expectations.
- Bottom-Up Processing: Perception driven purely by sensory input.
- Object Constancy: Recognizing objects despite changes in perspective or lighting.
Attention and Visual Processing
- Attentional Blink: Inability to notice the second of two rapidly presented targets.
- Change Blindness: Inability to detect large changes in a visual scene.
- Dichotic Listening: Task focusing on filtering out one audio stream while listening to another.
- Feature Integration Theory: Proposes that focused attention binds features of an object into a coherent perception.
Visual Cues and Depth Perception
- Binocular Depth Cues: Require both eyes to support depth perception.
- Monocular Depth Cues: Use one eye to derive three-dimensional understanding.
- Binocular Disparity: Difference between the images seen by each eye, greater for closer objects.
- Predictive Coding: Brain's capacity to anticipate expected sensory input.
Cognitive Mechanisms
- Unconscious Inference: Making educated guesses based on visual clues without awareness.
- Holistic Processing of Faces: Recognizing faces as whole entities rather than individual features.
- Object Segmentation: Differentiating elements of a scene into different objects and backgrounds.
Learning and Memory Tasks
- Mental Rotation: The time taken to mentally rotate and match images is proportional to the degree of rotation.
- Mental Scanning Task: Time to mentally scan between two points is related to the distance, similar to physical movement.
- Phoneme Restoration Effect: Missing sounds in speech can be perceptually filled in without conscious awareness.
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