Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the presumed function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the presumed function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?
Which of the following statements about the cerebral cortex is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the cerebral cortex is TRUE?
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
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What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
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What does the term "gray matter" refer to?
What does the term "gray matter" refer to?
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What is the difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
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What is the role of the meninges?
What is the role of the meninges?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of white matter?
Which of the following is a characteristic of white matter?
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What is the main function of the superior temporal gyrus?
What is the main function of the superior temporal gyrus?
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What term refers to a bundle of nerve fibers within the central nervous system?
What term refers to a bundle of nerve fibers within the central nervous system?
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Which part of the spinal cord is located closest to the head?
Which part of the spinal cord is located closest to the head?
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What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?
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Which structure is responsible for the integration of more complex brain functions?
Which structure is responsible for the integration of more complex brain functions?
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What kind of nerve sends information from the skin to the spinal cord?
What kind of nerve sends information from the skin to the spinal cord?
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What function do the basal ganglia primarily serve in the nervous system?
What function do the basal ganglia primarily serve in the nervous system?
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Which condition is associated with hypoactivity of the basal ganglia?
Which condition is associated with hypoactivity of the basal ganglia?
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Which principle of nervous system function emphasizes the nervous system's ability to adapt and reorganize itself?
Which principle of nervous system function emphasizes the nervous system's ability to adapt and reorganize itself?
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What direction does afferent neural information flow?
What direction does afferent neural information flow?
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What does the term 'juxtaposing excitation and inhibition' refer to in the context of nervous system function?
What does the term 'juxtaposing excitation and inhibition' refer to in the context of nervous system function?
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What is the approximate total surface area of the cerebral cortex?
What is the approximate total surface area of the cerebral cortex?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
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What is the primary function of the motor pathways identified as efferent?
What is the primary function of the motor pathways identified as efferent?
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What is the main cause of Bell’s Palsy?
What is the main cause of Bell’s Palsy?
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In which part of the body is the sympathetic division primarily connected?
In which part of the body is the sympathetic division primarily connected?
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What type of fibers are long in the sympathetic division?
What type of fibers are long in the sympathetic division?
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What is a symptom of Bell’s Palsy?
What is a symptom of Bell’s Palsy?
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Which neurotransmitter is mainly used by the sympathetic division's postganglionic fibers?
Which neurotransmitter is mainly used by the sympathetic division's postganglionic fibers?
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Which spinal root carries sensory (afferent) information?
Which spinal root carries sensory (afferent) information?
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Which cranial nerve is linked to tongue movement and sensation?
Which cranial nerve is linked to tongue movement and sensation?
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What are the main functions associated with the hindbrain?
What are the main functions associated with the hindbrain?
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Which structure is responsible for connecting the cerebellum with the rest of the brain?
Which structure is responsible for connecting the cerebellum with the rest of the brain?
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What is the role of the reticular formation in the brain?
What is the role of the reticular formation in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
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What characteristic of the midbrain is emphasized in its functions?
What characteristic of the midbrain is emphasized in its functions?
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What aspect of behavior does the hypothalamus play a significant role in?
What aspect of behavior does the hypothalamus play a significant role in?
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Which term refers to the small brain that is involved in fine motor coordination?
Which term refers to the small brain that is involved in fine motor coordination?
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What does the term 'neural plasticity' refer to?
What does the term 'neural plasticity' refer to?
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What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?
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Which of the following describes the 'ventral' orientation in brain anatomy?
Which of the following describes the 'ventral' orientation in brain anatomy?
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Which orientation term refers to a position above another structure?
Which orientation term refers to a position above another structure?
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What protective structures cover the brain?
What protective structures cover the brain?
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What is the primary cause of an ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What is the primary cause of an ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
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Which orientation term is used to describe the 'tail' position in relation to other structures?
Which orientation term is used to describe the 'tail' position in relation to other structures?
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Which of the following structures is primarily visible from the outside of the brain?
Which of the following structures is primarily visible from the outside of the brain?
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What does the term 'rostro-caudal' refer to in brain orientation?
What does the term 'rostro-caudal' refer to in brain orientation?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Brain and Behavior
- The brain is a plastic organ; neural tissue adapts throughout life, a concept called neural plasticity.
- Learning is an example of neural plasticity.
Navigating the Brain - Different Orientation Systems
-
Brain-Body Orientation: illustrates brain structure location from the frame of reference of the human face.
- Dorsal: towards the back
- Ventral: towards the belly
- Medial: towards the middle
- Lateral: towards the sides
- Anterior: before or in front of
- Posterior: after or behind
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Spatial Orientation: illustrates brain structure location in relation to other body parts and body orientation.
- Rostral: beak-like
- Caudal: tail-like
- Superior: above
- Inferior: below
- Anatomic Orientation: illustrates the direction of a cut or section through the human brain viewed from a perspective.
Navigating the Brain - Formative Assessment
- Memorize pages 38-39 for better understanding of Latin expressions related to the brain and views.
Brain Protection - Meninges & Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- The brain and spinal cord are protected by the skull and vertebrae.
- Meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid layer, Pia mater.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) fills the subarachnoid space.
Blood Supply of the Brain
- The brain is supplied by three main arteries: anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- Ischemic CVA (80%): blood vessel blockage by a clot
- Hemorrhagic CVA (20%): burst blood vessel bleeding into the brain
The Brain from the Outside
- Main structures include: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The Cerebral Cortex
- The cerebral cortex is the brain's outer layer.
- Divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
- Folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci) increase surface area.
- Total surface area: ~0.25m2.
Inside the Brain
- Gray matter: nerve cells, no insulating layer.
- White matter: nerve fibers, insulating myelin layer.
- Corpus callosum: thick band connecting two hemispheres.
Ventricle System
- Four interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere)
- Third ventricle: between the cerebrum and the thalamus.
- Fourth ventricle: between cerebellum and pons.
- Presumed function: Maintains brain metabolism, excretes metabolic waste, cushions the brain.
Recap Part 1 - Brain Anatomy
- Includes meninges, arteries, stroke and different parts of the brain.
- Includes gyri, sulci and fissures, gray matter, white matter, and ventricle system.
Part 2 – Brain Anatomy and Physiology
- Includes Organization of the human nervous system.
- Discusses Cells and Fibers (Gray and White matter), spinal cord, brainstem and forebrain.
The Human Nervous System - Organization
- Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
- Somatic Nervous System controls body movement and sensory reception
- Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary functions
- Enteric Nervous System controls the activity of the gut.
Ontogenetic Organization
- Development of the brain and nervous system.
- Overview of classifications and memorization of figure 2-14.
The Human Nervous System- Organization (2)
- Order of brain anatomy studied; spinal cord, brainstem, and forebrain.
- Structures are highlighted to help with study.
Cells and Fibers
- Two types of nerve cells: neurons (major brain functions) and glia (support cells)
- Bundles of fibers called tracts are inside the central nervous system (CNS), nerves are outside.
The Spinal cord (part of CNS)
- Gray matter inside/ nerve cells
- White matter outside/ nerve fibers.
- Spinal nerves are located bilaterally.
- Spinal cord segments include cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
- Dermatomes, which are body segments, have sensory and motor nerves to control, information from skin, joints and muscles to the spinal cord.
Spinal Nerves- Segments and dermatomes
- Five spinal cord segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.
- Each dermatome has two spinal nerves: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent).
Directional Flow of Neural Information
- Afferent: toward a structure. Sensory pathways.
- Efferent: away from a structure. Motor pathways.
- Mnemonic: First input (afferent), then output (efferent).
Spinal Nerves- Law of Bell and Magendie
- Dorsal aspect: sensory (afferent)
- Ventral aspect: motor (efferent)
- Spinal nerves are paired.
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves; each set controls one side of the head.
- Remember their names and main functions.
- Bell's Palsy: inflammation of the facial nerve, symptoms include facial weakness or paralysis, and treatment is with anti-inflammatory/ antiviral agents.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Two divisions: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
- Connections from cranial and spinal nerve segments
The Brainstem
- Hindbrain: basic motor functions; connected to the spinal cord.
- midbrain: sensory functions; connected to the forebrain.
- Between the brain: integrative sensory motor tasks.
Hindbrain
- Main sections include pons, reticular formation, medulla.
- Functions related to arousal and sleep/wake cycles and vital functions.
Midbrain
- Key structure: substantia nigra, implicated in Parkinson's Disease.
- Other key parts and how they receive and process sensory input.
Between Brain
- Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus.
- Thalamus: integrates sensory information.
- Hypothalamus: controls hormone production.
Forebrain - Basal Ganglia
- Cluster of neurons controlling voluntary movement.
- Hypoactivity leads to Parkinson’s
- Hyperactivity leads to tourettes
Forebrain- Cerebral Cortex
- Outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher functions.
- Divisible into the four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
Ten Principles of Nervous System Function
- The principles summarize how the nervous system functions. They are general guidelines.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions and structures of the nervous system with this engaging quiz. You'll explore key topics such as cerebrospinal fluid, brain anatomy, and the roles of different nerve fibers. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of neuroscience concepts!
