Psychology condense 2 p 8-14 Neuroscience Chapter on Senses and Sleep
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of pheromones in animals?

  • To enhance the sense of smell in predators
  • To trigger innate responses in other members of the species (correct)
  • To act as a defense mechanism against intruders
  • To provide food sources for other species

What cells are activated in the accessory olfactory epithelium?

  • Neuronal cells
  • Basal and apical cells (correct)
  • Epithelial cells
  • Adipose cells

Where does the pathway from the basal cell in the vomeronasal system ultimately lead?

  • Thalamus
  • Amygdala (correct)
  • Sensory cortex
  • Hippocampus

Which part of the tongue is most concentrated with taste buds?

<p>Anterior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GPCR receptors in the olfactory process?

<p>To initiate a signal cascade inside the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tastes is associated with the ability to taste glutamate?

<p>Umami (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the action potentials triggered by taste receptor cells?

<p>They synapse on different parts of the gustatory cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of taste bud is primarily located on the anterior part of the tongue?

<p>Fungiform (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when NaCl binds to a salty receptor in a sweet cell?

<p>The sweet cell depolarizes and fires an AP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave is primarily associated with alertness and concentration?

<p>Beta waves (13-30 Hz) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which sleep stage are hypnagogic hallucinations most commonly experienced?

<p>N1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about non-REM sleep is false?

<p>Theta waves dominate during N3. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep often contains sleep spindles?

<p>N2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the theta waves observed in the N1 stage of sleep?

<p>They can lead to hypnagogic sensations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave pattern signifies deep sleep or coma?

<p>Delta waves (0.5-3 Hz) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological response of a GPCR receptor when glucose binds to it?

<p>It triggers a conformational change and G-protein dissociation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sleep spindles?

<p>They inhibit certain perceptions to maintain tranquility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by the presence of delta waves?

<p>N3 (Stage 3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of waking up during REM sleep?

<p>It prevents memory formation of the dream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes circadian rhythms?

<p>They change as you age, affecting sleep patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's theory suggest about dreams?

<p>They are unconscious thoughts and desires that require interpretation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of K-complexes during sleep?

<p>They suppress cortical arousal to maintain sleep. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sleep and memory retention?

<p>Learning and sleep together enhance memory retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed purpose of dreaming according to evolutionary biology?

<p>To prepare for real-world threats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes breathing observed in polysomnography?

<p>Periods of oscillations followed by flat breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can chronic hyperventilation lead to in terms of heart health?

<p>Right-sided heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that hypnotism involves a divided consciousness?

<p>Dissociation Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain wave pattern is associated with deep meditation?

<p>Theta waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is primarily used to reduce anxiety and induce sleep?

<p>Benzodiazepines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter's activity is enhanced by benzodiazepines?

<p>GABA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does alcohol have on REM sleep?

<p>It disrupts REM sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of using barbiturates?

<p>Reduced memory and concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis suggest about brain activity during sleep?

<p>The brain is simply trying to find meaning from random neural activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible impact of sleep deprivation on individuals?

<p>Increased susceptibility to depression and irritability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a person may have sleep apnea?

<p>Frequent awakening with difficulty breathing during sleep. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of sleep recommended for adults?

<p>7-8 hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does narcolepsy primarily manifest in individuals?

<p>Uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, often into REM sleep. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates central sleep apnea from obstructive sleep apnea?

<p>Central sleep apnea is related to the control system for ventilation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one likely reason for the higher prevalence of sleepwalking in children?

<p>Children experience more N3 sleep, making them more prone to sleepwalking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic use of sleep medications can lead to which of the following consequences?

<p>Development of dependence and tolerance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proprioception?

<p>Cognitive awareness of body position in space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for sensing temperature?

<p>TrypV1 receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes A-beta fibres in the context of pain sensation?

<p>Thick, covered in myelin, and fast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sense of smell contribute to the sense of taste?

<p>Molecules travel from the throat to the nose during eating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the TrypV1 receptor when heat is applied?

<p>It undergoes a conformational change and activates signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific structure separates the olfactory epithelium from the brain?

<p>Cribriform plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason people struggle to taste food when they have a cold?

<p>Decreased olfactory function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is NOT involved in nociception?

<p>Olfactory receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Proprioception

The ability to sense the position and movement of your body in space. It involves specialized receptors in muscles and tendons that send information to the brain about body position, movement, and limb location.

Kinaesthesia

The sense of movement and position of our body parts, particularly during motion. It's a more dynamic version of proprioception, focusing on the active perception of movement.

Nociception

The ability to sense pain. This sense involves specialized receptors called nociceptors that detect harmful stimuli like injury, extreme temperatures, and chemicals.

Thermoception

The ability to sense temperature. This sense relies on specialized receptors, including the TrypV1 receptor, to detect variations in temperature.

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TrypV1 Receptor

A type of sensory receptor that helps us detect pain and temperature. It is activated by various stimuli, including heat, chemicals, and physical damage.

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Olfaction

The sense of smell. This sensory modality is crucial for detecting odors and influencing our sense of taste.

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Olfactory Epithelium

A specialized area located in the nasal cavity that houses olfactory receptor cells. It's responsible for detecting odors.

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Cribriform Plate

A bony structure in the skull that separates the olfactory epithelium from the brain. It helps transmit olfactory nerve signals from the nose to the brain.

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Pheromone

A chemical signal released by one member of a species that triggers an innate response in another member of the same species. They are involved in mating, fighting, and communication.

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Accessory Olfactory Epithelium

A specialized part of the olfactory epithelium in animals, responsible for detecting pheromones.

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Vomeronasal System

The structure within the accessory olfactory epithelium that contains basal and apical cells with pheromone receptors.

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Taste Bud

Type of taste receptor cell located on the tongue, responsible for detecting bitter, salty, sweet, sour, and umami tastes.

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Labelled Lines Model

A model of taste perception where each taste receptor cell sends a separate signal to the brain, indicating a specific taste.

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Umami

The ability to taste glutamate, considered the fifth basic taste.

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Foliate Taste Bud

A type of taste bud located on the sides of the tongue.

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Circumvallate Taste Bud

A type of taste bud located at the back of the tongue.

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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

A theory that explains dreams as the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

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Sleep Deprivation

A state of insufficient sleep, characterized by fatigue, irritability, and impaired cognitive function.

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Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of sleep.

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Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, often accompanied by loud snoring.

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N3 (Slow-Wave Sleep)

The deepest stage of sleep, characterized by slow brain waves and reduced muscle activity.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A type of sleep apnea caused by an obstruction in the airways, leading to problems breathing during sleep.

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Central Sleep Apnea

A type of sleep apnea caused by a problem with the brain's control of breathing, leading to breathing pauses during sleep.

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G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

A type of sensory receptor that activates a signaling cascade when a specific molecule binds to it. This cascade causes the opening of ion channels, leading to cell depolarization and ultimately a nerve impulse.

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Ligand

A signal molecule that binds to a GPCR, initiating a signaling cascade. Examples include glucose, sweet, umami, and bitter molecules.

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G-protein

A group of proteins that act as molecular switches, activated by binding to a GPCR. This activation triggers the opening of ion channels.

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Ion channel

A protein that allows the passage of ions across cell membranes, controlled by a G-protein cascade.

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Depolarization

The change in electrical potential across a cell membrane, caused by the influx of positively charged ions. This potential change can trigger an action potential.

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Action potential (AP)

A brief electrical impulse that travels down a nerve fiber to transmit information.

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Alertness

A state of awareness and wakefulness, characterized by beta brain wave activity.

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Non-REM sleep (N3)

A state of deep sleep characterized by delta brain wave activity. It is the stage where the brain is at rest, and the body repairs and regenerates.

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K-complexes

Waves that occur during sleep, helping us stay asleep by suppressing cortical arousal. They are also linked to memory consolidation.

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N3 (Stage 3) sleep

The deepest stage of sleep, characterized by slow brain waves called delta waves. This stage is associated with physical restoration and sleepwalking/talking.

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REM sleep

The stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, muscle paralysis, and vivid dreaming. Memory consolidation is most active during this stage.

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Circadian Rhythms

The biological rhythms that regulate our sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hormone production, and other functions. They are influenced by factors like light and age.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and promotes sleepiness.

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Freud's Dream Theory

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams are symbolic expressions of our unconscious thoughts and desires. It suggests that dreams need to be interpreted to reveal their hidden meaning.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories. This process is strengthened during sleep, especially REM sleep.

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Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

A pattern of breathing characterized by periods of increasing depth and rate followed by periods of apnea (no breathing) before the cycle repeats. Often seen in people with heart failure, stroke, or brain damage.

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Hypnosis

A state of heightened suggestibility, often achieved through relaxation and focused attention. May involve altered perception, heightened imagery, and increased responsiveness to suggestions.

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Theories of Hypnosis

Two primary theories try to explain how hypnosis works:

  • Dissociation theory: Hypnosis is a type of divided consciousness where the individual separates from their surroundings.
  • Social Influence theory: Individuals behave and report experiences in accordance with expectations, similar to actors in a role.
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Meditation

Training to focus and control your attention and awareness. Can be guided or unguided, with a focus on things like breathing or simply letting thoughts flow.

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Depressants

Drugs that depress the central nervous system, reducing activity and slowing down bodily functions. They include alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

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Benzodiazepines

A class of depressants that act on the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) system in the brain. They enhance GABA's effects, leading to reduced anxiety and increased relaxation.

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Barbiturates

A type of depressant used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety. They work by depressing the central nervous system.

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Alcohol

The most widely used depressant. It slows down brain function, disrupts sleep, and lowers inhibitions.

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Study Notes

Proprioception and Kinaesthesia

  • Tiny sensors in muscles signal to spinal cord and brain, sensitive to muscle stretch.
  • Sensors indicate muscle contraction/relaxation.
  • Kinaesthesia, the awareness of body movement, is different from proprioception (body in space awareness), and doesn't include balance.

Pain and Temperature

  • Nociception is pain, and thermoception is temperature.
  • The TrypV1 receptor senses both heat and pain; heat causes conformational changes in the protein.
  • Thousands of TrypV1 receptors are activated when a cell is damaged.
  • Signal transmission involves 3 types of nerve fibres (fast, medium, slow).
    • A-beta fibres (thick and myelinated) provide quick impulses, high conductance.
    • A-delta fibres (thin and myelinated) convey pain signals.
    • C fibres (thin and unmyelinated) transmit lingering pain sensations.
  • Capsaicin, a chemical in spicy foods, triggers a similar response to pain in the TrypV1 receptor.

Taste and Smell

  • Olfaction (smell) is when molecules travel up the back of the throat and into the back of the nose.
  • Smell is important for taste.
  • If your sense of smell is impaired, this affects taste perception.

Olfactory Epithelium

  • Located in the nostril, it separates from the brain by the cribriform plate.
  • Olfactory bulb projections pass through the plate to the epithelium.
  • Receptors in the epithelium are sensitive to certain molecules (like benzene rings).
  • Molecules bind to receptors, initiating a signal, which activates neurons.
  • Olfactory neurons synapse with other cells in the olfactory bulb, forming glomeruli (clusters related to a molecule).
  • The signal is then sent to the brain through mitral/tufted cells.

Pheromones

  • Pheromones are chemical signals released by one animal that have an effect on another animal.
  • Examples include mating and fighting

Gustation (Taste)

  • Taste buds (fungiform, foliate, circumvallate) are concentrated on the tongue's anterior.
  • Each taste bud has receptor cells, sensitive to different tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami).
  • Taste sensations are created through receptor activation and transmitted to the brain.
  • A change in the receptors for taste and its effect on the brain could lead to a different brain interpretation as a different taste (e.g., salt receptor in a sweet receptor cell).

States of Consciousness

  • Consciousness is how aware one is of themselves and their environment.
  • States range from alertness, daydreaming, drowsiness, to different stages of sleep.

Sleep Stages

  • Stages of sleep, N1, N2, and N3, have characteristic brainwaves (e.g., theta, delta).
  • REM sleep (Rapid-eye movement) is a stage of deep sleep characterized by brain activity and vivid dreaming.

Circadian Rhythms

  • Biological rhythms that operate on a 24-hour cycle, regulating body functions including sleep patterns, and controlled by melatonin.
  • Daytime is often a factor for sleep-wake cycles, and artificial light can affect the cycle.
  • Sleep needs vary by age, and older individuals usually require earlier sleep times.

Sleep Disorders

  • Sleep deprivation can cause irritability, poor memory, and difficulty functioning.
  • Sleep apnea involves abnormal breathing during sleep.
  • Sleepwalking and sleep talking occurs during slow-wave sleep.
  • Narcolepsy involves sudden, overwhelming feelings of sleepiness.
  • Insomnia is recurring difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

Psychoactive Drugs

  • Depressants, like alcohol, lower brain activity and lead to problems with function/memory.
  • Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, are types of depressants.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in neuroscience related to sensory systems and sleep stages. It includes questions about pheromones, taste receptors, and different brain wave patterns associated with alertness and sleep. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of olfaction, taste, and the characteristics of sleep states.

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