Psychology condense 2 p 8-14 Neuroscience Chapter on Senses and Sleep

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of pheromones in animals?

To enhance the sense of smell in predators

To trigger innate responses in other members of the species (correct)

To act as a defense mechanism against intruders

To provide food sources for other species

What cells are activated in the accessory olfactory epithelium?

Neuronal cells

Basal and apical cells (correct)

Epithelial cells

Adipose cells

Where does the pathway from the basal cell in the vomeronasal system ultimately lead?

Thalamus

Amygdala (correct)

Sensory cortex

Hippocampus

Which part of the tongue is most concentrated with taste buds?

Anterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GPCR receptors in the olfactory process?

To initiate a signal cascade inside the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tastes is associated with the ability to taste glutamate?

Umami Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the action potentials triggered by taste receptor cells?

They synapse on different parts of the gustatory cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which type of taste bud is primarily located on the anterior part of the tongue?

Fungiform Signup and view all the answers

What happens when NaCl binds to a salty receptor in a sweet cell?

The sweet cell depolarizes and fires an AP. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave is primarily associated with alertness and concentration?

Beta waves (13-30 Hz) Signup and view all the answers

During which sleep stage are hypnagogic hallucinations most commonly experienced?

N1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about non-REM sleep is false?

Theta waves dominate during N3. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep often contains sleep spindles?

N2 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the theta waves observed in the N1 stage of sleep?

They can lead to hypnagogic sensations. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave pattern signifies deep sleep or coma?

Delta waves (0.5-3 Hz) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological response of a GPCR receptor when glucose binds to it?

It triggers a conformational change and G-protein dissociation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sleep spindles?

They inhibit certain perceptions to maintain tranquility. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by the presence of delta waves?

N3 (Stage 3) Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of waking up during REM sleep?

It prevents memory formation of the dream. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes circadian rhythms?

They change as you age, affecting sleep patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's theory suggest about dreams?

They are unconscious thoughts and desires that require interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of K-complexes during sleep?

They suppress cortical arousal to maintain sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sleep and memory retention?

Learning and sleep together enhance memory retention. Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed purpose of dreaming according to evolutionary biology?

To prepare for real-world threats. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes breathing observed in polysomnography?

Periods of oscillations followed by flat breathing Signup and view all the answers

What can chronic hyperventilation lead to in terms of heart health?

Right-sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that hypnotism involves a divided consciousness?

Dissociation Theory Signup and view all the answers

What brain wave pattern is associated with deep meditation?

Theta waves Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is primarily used to reduce anxiety and induce sleep?

Benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter's activity is enhanced by benzodiazepines?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

What effect does alcohol have on REM sleep?

It disrupts REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of using barbiturates?

Reduced memory and concentration Signup and view all the answers

What does the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis suggest about brain activity during sleep?

The brain is simply trying to find meaning from random neural activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible impact of sleep deprivation on individuals?

Increased susceptibility to depression and irritability. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a person may have sleep apnea?

Frequent awakening with difficulty breathing during sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of sleep recommended for adults?

7-8 hours. Signup and view all the answers

How does narcolepsy primarily manifest in individuals?

Uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep, often into REM sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates central sleep apnea from obstructive sleep apnea?

Central sleep apnea is related to the control system for ventilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one likely reason for the higher prevalence of sleepwalking in children?

Children experience more N3 sleep, making them more prone to sleepwalking. Signup and view all the answers

Chronic use of sleep medications can lead to which of the following consequences?

Development of dependence and tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proprioception?

Cognitive awareness of body position in space Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for sensing temperature?

TrypV1 receptor Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes A-beta fibres in the context of pain sensation?

Thick, covered in myelin, and fast Signup and view all the answers

How does the sense of smell contribute to the sense of taste?

Molecules travel from the throat to the nose during eating Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the TrypV1 receptor when heat is applied?

It undergoes a conformational change and activates signaling Signup and view all the answers

What specific structure separates the olfactory epithelium from the brain?

Cribriform plate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason people struggle to taste food when they have a cold?

Decreased olfactory function Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is NOT involved in nociception?

Olfactory receptors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proprioception and Kinaesthesia

Tiny sensors in muscles signal to spinal cord and brain, sensitive to muscle stretch.
Sensors indicate muscle contraction/relaxation.
Kinaesthesia, the awareness of body movement, is different from proprioception (body in space awareness), and doesn't include balance.

Pain and Temperature

Nociception is pain, and thermoception is temperature.
The TrypV1 receptor senses both heat and pain; heat causes conformational changes in the protein.
Thousands of TrypV1 receptors are activated when a cell is damaged.
Signal transmission involves 3 types of nerve fibres (fast, medium, slow).
- A-beta fibres (thick and myelinated) provide quick impulses, high conductance.
- A-delta fibres (thin and myelinated) convey pain signals.
- C fibres (thin and unmyelinated) transmit lingering pain sensations.
Capsaicin, a chemical in spicy foods, triggers a similar response to pain in the TrypV1 receptor.

Taste and Smell

Olfaction (smell) is when molecules travel up the back of the throat and into the back of the nose.
Smell is important for taste.
If your sense of smell is impaired, this affects taste perception.

Olfactory Epithelium

Located in the nostril, it separates from the brain by the cribriform plate.
Olfactory bulb projections pass through the plate to the epithelium.
Receptors in the epithelium are sensitive to certain molecules (like benzene rings).
Molecules bind to receptors, initiating a signal, which activates neurons.
Olfactory neurons synapse with other cells in the olfactory bulb, forming glomeruli (clusters related to a molecule).
The signal is then sent to the brain through mitral/tufted cells.

Pheromones

Pheromones are chemical signals released by one animal that have an effect on another animal.
Examples include mating and fighting

Gustation (Taste)

Taste buds (fungiform, foliate, circumvallate) are concentrated on the tongue's anterior.
Each taste bud has receptor cells, sensitive to different tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami).
Taste sensations are created through receptor activation and transmitted to the brain.
A change in the receptors for taste and its effect on the brain could lead to a different brain interpretation as a different taste (e.g., salt receptor in a sweet receptor cell).

States of Consciousness

Consciousness is how aware one is of themselves and their environment.
States range from alertness, daydreaming, drowsiness, to different stages of sleep.

Sleep Stages

Stages of sleep, N1, N2, and N3, have characteristic brainwaves (e.g., theta, delta).
REM sleep (Rapid-eye movement) is a stage of deep sleep characterized by brain activity and vivid dreaming.

Circadian Rhythms

Biological rhythms that operate on a 24-hour cycle, regulating body functions including sleep patterns, and controlled by melatonin.
Daytime is often a factor for sleep-wake cycles, and artificial light can affect the cycle.
Sleep needs vary by age, and older individuals usually require earlier sleep times.

Sleep Disorders

Sleep deprivation can cause irritability, poor memory, and difficulty functioning.
Sleep apnea involves abnormal breathing during sleep.
Sleepwalking and sleep talking occurs during slow-wave sleep.
Narcolepsy involves sudden, overwhelming feelings of sleepiness.
Insomnia is recurring difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants, like alcohol, lower brain activity and lead to problems with function/memory.
Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, are types of depressants.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in neuroscience related to sensory systems and sleep stages. It includes questions about pheromones, taste receptors, and different brain wave patterns associated with alertness and sleep. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of olfaction, taste, and the characteristics of sleep states.