Neuroscience Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

  • Produce myelin sheath for axons.
  • Transmit electrical signals away from the cell body.
  • Provide structural support to the neuron.
  • Receive electrical signals from other neurons. (correct)

    • Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Central Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Somatic Nervous System (correct)

    • What is the role of the axon in a neuron?

  • Transmitting signals away from the cell body. (correct)
  • Processing information received from dendrites.
  • Producing myelin sheath to insulate the axon.
  • Receiving signals from other neurons.

    • Which of the following is NOT a part of the central nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral Nerves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulates internal body functions like heart rate and digestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerves transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands?

    <p>Efferent Nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neurons is TRUE?

    <p>They are the only cells capable of generating electrical signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of an axon?

    <p>1 meter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)?

    <p>To synchronize electrical activity in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep do alpha waves dominate the EEG?

    <p>Light sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lack of responses to repeated stimuli in an evoked response experiment?

    <p>Habituation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about the Electroretinogram (ERG)?

    <p>The B wave is clinically significant and arises in the retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Electrooculogram (EOG) primarily measure?

    <p>Eye movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the brain waves associated with deep sleep?

    <p>Alpha waves dominate the EEG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrical system of the heart is also known as the:

    <p>Cardiac conduction system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'habituation' refer to in the context of evoked responses?

    <p>A decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to a stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of an EMG examination?

    <p>To measure the electrical activity of multiple muscle fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difficulty in isolating a single muscle fiber during an EMG examination?

    <p>Muscle fibers are too densely packed to be isolated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the velocity of action potentials in motor nerves?

    <p>The type of muscle fiber being innervated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latency period in an EMG?

    <p>The time it takes for a muscle to contract after stimulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of the electrical signals recorded in an EEG?

    <p>Electrical activity of the cortex of the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the amplitude of EEG signals relatively low?

    <p>The EEG signal is attenuated by the skull. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an EEG, what is the purpose of comparing electrical activity between the right and left sides of the brain?

    <p>To detect asymmetries that could indicate a brain disorder. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the interference from external electrical signals in EEG recordings?

    <p>The brain's electrical activity is very weak. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?

    <p>Sinoatrial (SA) node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart's electrical system?

    <p>To delay the electrical impulse to allow the atria to fully contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the His-Purkinje system in the heart's electrical conduction?

    <p>To conduct the electrical impulse quickly to the ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of the heartbeat does the heart relax and fill with blood?

    <p>Diastole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the moderator band in the heart?

    <p>It transmits the electrical impulse to the right papillary muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range for a normal resting heart rate?

    <p>60-100 beats per minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body is responsible for adjusting the heart rate based on the body's needs?

    <p>The brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atria in the heartbeat cycle?

    <p>To contract and pump blood into the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following EKG leads measures the potential difference between the right arm and left leg electrodes?

    <p>Lead II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following EKG leads uses the center of resistance between RA and LA as one of its electrodes?

    <p>Lead aVf (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EKG lead measures the potential difference between the left arm and left leg electrodes?

    <p>Lead III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following EKG leads uses the left arm (LA) as one of its electrodes?

    <p>Lead aVL (C), Lead I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Placement of V4 on the chest is different in women, which one is the official recommendation?

    <p>5th intercostal space under the breast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following EKG leads is placed in the 4th intercostal space, left of the sternum?

    <p>V2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by an irregular pumping pattern of the heart?

    <p>Arythmia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to death of the heart muscle?

    <p>Blockage of part of the blood supply for the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the SA node?

    <p>To control the rate and rhythm of the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During strenuous exercise, what happens to the heart rate and why?

    <p>Heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ECG components represents ventricular repolarization?

    <p>T wave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Q-T interval measure?

    <p>The time taken for ventricular depolarization and repolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the S-T segment is true?

    <p>It represents the period where all cells are depolarized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal duration of the QRS complex in seconds?

    <p>Less than or equal to 0.1 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal duration of the PR interval in seconds?

    <p>0.12 - 0.2 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Electricity in medicine

    Electricity plays a crucial role in bodily functions and medical applications.

    Central nervous system

    Comprises the brain and spinal cord; processes information and coordinates responses.

    Autonomic nervous system

    Controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

    Neuron

    Basic structural unit of the nervous system; transmits electrical signals.

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    Dendrites

    Short, branched parts of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.

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    Soma (Cell body)

    The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and processes signals.

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    Axon

    A long fiber that carries electrical signals away from the cell body.

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    Efferent nerves

    Nerve fibers that transmit signals from the brain to muscles and glands.

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    Motor Unit

    A motor unit consists of a neuron and muscle fibers it innervates.

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    Action Potential

    An electrical signal that initiates muscle contraction when transmitted across motor end plates.

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    EMG Examination

    EMG records electrical activity of several muscle fibers rather than single fibers.

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    Surface Electrode

    A device that measures electrical signals from many motor units attached to skin.

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    Concentric Needle Electrode

    An electrode inserted under the skin to measure single motor units.

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    Latency Period

    The time between stimulation and appearance of action potential in EMG.

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    EEG

    A recording of electrical activity of the brain using electrodes on the scalp.

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    Asymmetrical Activity in EEG

    Differences in signals between the left and right brain indicating potential issues.

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    Alpha Waves

    Brain wave frequencies from 8 to 12 Hz associated with drowsiness and relaxation.

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    Paradoxical Sleep

    Also known as REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movement and dreaming.

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    Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR)

    An oscillatory brain wave rhythm seen in EEG, indicating idle brain activity.

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    Evoked Responses

    Brain signals triggered by external stimuli like flashing lights or sounds.

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    Habituation

    Decrease in response to repeated stimuli, noted between evoked responses in EEG.

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    Electroretinogram (ERG)

    Recording of electrical changes in the retina when exposed to light flashes.

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    Electrooculogram (EOG)

    Recording of electric potential changes due to eye movement.

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    Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    Graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity and pumping function.

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    Sinoatrial (SA) Node

    The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker, located in the right atrium.

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    Atrioventricular (AV) Node

    The AV node receives impulses from the SA node, delaying them to allow atrial contraction.

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    His-Purkinje System

    A network that transmits electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, causing contraction.

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    Diastole

    The phase where the heart's chambers relax and fill with blood.

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    Systole

    The phase where the heart's ventricles contract and pump blood out.

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    Pacemaker of the Heart

    The cells in the SA node that regulate the heart's rhythm.

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    Normal Heart Rate

    The average resting heart rate, typically between 60 to 100 beats per minute.

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    Ventricular Contraction

    The phase where the ventricles contract to pump blood into the circulatory system.

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    SA node

    The heart's natural pacemaker that regulates the heart rate by firing electrical impulses.

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    Heart rate increase during exercise

    When exercising, the heart rate rises to supply more oxygenated blood to the body.

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    ECG P wave

    Represents atrial depolarization in an ECG waveform.

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    QRS complex

    Indicates ventricular depolarization in an ECG, essential for heart contractions.

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    T wave

    Represents ventricular repolarization in an ECG, marking recovery of the ventricles.

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    P-R interval

    Time from the start of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex, normal range 0.12-0.2 seconds.

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    Q-T interval

    Time from the start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, indicating recovery time for ventricles.

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    Surface electrodes in ECG

    Electrodes placed on body surface to measure heart's electrical activity; common locations include LA, RA, LL.

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    Lead II

    Measures the potential difference between the right arm and left leg electrode.

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    Lead III

    Measures the potential difference between the left arm and left leg electrode.

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    aVR Configuration

    Electrode connected to right arm and the center between left electrodes.

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    aVL Configuration

    Electrode connected to left arm and the center between right electrodes.

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    aVF Configuration

    Electrode connected to left leg and the center between right and left arms.

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    ECG Purpose

    Used to diagnose heart issues like arrythmia or heart attack.

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    Arrhythmia

    An irregular heart pumping pattern, common in young people.

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    Myocardial Infarction

    Death of heart muscle usually caused by blockage in blood supply.

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    Study Notes

    Electricity Within the Body

    • Physical phenomena involving electricity and magnetism have been observed since ancient times
    • Electricity plays an important role in medicine
    • Two aspects of electricity and magnetism in medicine:
      • Electrical and magnetic effects generated inside the body
      • Applications of electricity and magnetism to the surface of the body
    • Electricity generated inside the body controls and operates nerves, muscles, and organs
    • The nervous system is crucial for all body functions
    • The brain receives internal and external signals and makes a proper response
    • The nervous system is divided into two parts:
      • Central nervous system (consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves)
        • Afferent nerves transmit sensory information to the brain or spinal cord
        • Efferent nerves transmit information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands
      • Autonomic nervous system (controls internal organs such as the heart, intestines, and glands)
        • Control of the autonomic nervous system is involuntary

    The Neuron

    • The basic structural unit of the nervous system
    • Specialized for reception, interpretation, and transmission of electrical signals or messages
    • Consists of:
      • Dendrites: Short, branched, unmyelinated parts that receive electrical signals from other neurons
      • Soma (cell body): Contains the nucleus and associated intracellular structures; receives signals from dendrites
      • Axon (nerve fiber): Carries electrical messages away from the cell body (approximately 1 meter long)
      • Axon terminals: Transmit messages to muscles, glands, or other neurons
      • Synapses: Basic units of communication in the brain; chemical neurotransmitters are released, binding to receptors on the second cell, initiating electrical and biochemical signals

    Electrical Potentials of Nerves

    • A human body is made of multiple cells composed of different chemical substances (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride)
    • Cell membranes separate cells from their environment (intracellular and extracellular)
    • Intracellular environment is rich in potassium ions, while the extracellular environment has many sodium and chloride ions
    • This creates a potential difference (biopotential) between the two environments
    • Biopotential can be measured using electrodes, amplified, and monitored to study organ function (e.g., heart, brain, eye, muscles)
    • Two types of biopotential:
      • Resting potential: The inside of the cell is typically 60-90 mV more negative than the outside
      • Action potential: A large momentary change in the resting potential that propagates along the axon, the main method of signal transmission

    Electrical Signals from Muscles (EMG)

    • Electromyogram (EMG) is the recording of muscle potentials during movement
    • A muscle consists of many motor units
    • Each motor unit comprises a single branching neuron from the spinal cord and 25-2000 connected muscle fibers (cells)
    • Muscle action is initiated by action potentials
    • Single muscle cells are usually not monitored in EMG examinations due to difficulties in isolating a single fiber
    • EMG electrodes measure the electrical activity of multiple fibers
      • Surface electrodes on the skin measure the activity of many motor units
      • Concentric needle electrodes inserted under the skin measure single motor unit activity

    Electrical Signals from the Brain (EEG)

    • Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures very weak complex electrical signals from brain cortex neurons
    • Electrodes on the scalp measure the brain's electrical activity
    • Reference electrodes are typically attached to the ear
    • EEG signals are low amplitude (approximately 50µV)
    • External electrical signals often cause interference in EEG signal processing
    • EEG is used to diagnose diseases
    • Asymmetrical activity is often an indicator of brain disease
    • Recording of neural signals from the brain is called electroencephalogram (EEG)

    Action of EMG

    • Action potential appears in EMG after a latency period between stimulation and response
    • EMGs of symmetrical muscles are compared to detect nerve damage, which can affect action potential and latency periods
    • Velocity of action potential in motor nerves can decrease due to nerve damage

    Electrical Signals from the Eye (ERG and EOG)

    • Electroretinogram (ERG) measures potential changes in the retina when exposed to light
      • One electrode is in a contact lens over the cornea, and the other is on the ear or forehead
      • ERGs can be used to detect retinal inflammation
    • Electrooculogram (EOG) measures potential changes due to eye movement
      • Two electrodes are placed near the eye
      • EOG provides information about eye orientation, angular velocity, and angular acceleration

    Electrical Signals from the Heart (ECG)

    • Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity
    • The electrical system controls all heart events
    • The Sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart's pacemaker.
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node is located on the interatrial septum.
    • The His-Purkinje system is located along the walls of the ventricles
    • Cardiac cycle has two phases:
      • Systole: Ventricular contraction and pumping of blood
      • Diastole: Relaxation of the atria and ventricles, and filling with blood

    Additional Notes

    • ECG can diagnose cardiac problems such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, and fibrillation.
    • Normal heart rate ranges between 60-100 beats/minute.
    • Heart rate can increase or decrease depending on the body's needs for oxygen and other function.

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    Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts of neuroscience with this quiz. Topics include the functions of neurons, the nervous system, and brain waves. Perfect for students studying biology or psychology.

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