Neuroscience and Nervous System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the somatic nervous system primarily control?

Digestive processes

Hormonal responses

Voluntary muscle movements (correct)

Involuntary functions of the body

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory information?

Spinal cord

Peripheral nerves

Brain (correct)

Neuroglia

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?

To generate action potentials

To protect neurons from damage

To store information in the brain

To transmit signals across synapses (correct)

Which system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system?

CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while PNS includes the rest of the nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neuroglia in the nervous system?

To provide support and protection to neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the transmission of an electrical signal along a neuron?

Action potential Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) in neurotransmitter regulation?

It degrades serotonin and dopamine. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are classified as ionotropic receptors?

5-HT3 and GABAA receptors Signup and view all the answers

During dopamine synthesis, which of the following is the precursor molecule?

Tyrosine Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the efferent division of the Peripheral Nervous System?

It carries motor information away from the CNS. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are involved in addictive behaviors and pleasurable experiences mediated by dopamine?

Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor class does NOT include receptors that are directly linked to ion channels?

G-protein coupled receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter's transport back to the neuron is primarily managed by the Serotonin Reuptake Transporter?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of receptor mentioned in the context of the CNS?

Histamine receptors Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion channel opens in response to mechanical stimuli such as touch or pressure?

Mechanically-gated Channel Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily responsible for the outflow that causes the repolarization phase during an action potential?

Potassium ions (K+) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting potential of a neuron when it is at rest?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion channel is commonly found in the axons of all types of neurons and responds to changes in membrane potential?

Voltage-gated Channel Signup and view all the answers

What critical level of depolarization must be reached to trigger an action potential according to Martini?

-60 mV Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of an action potential do sodium ions flow into the neuron?

Depolarizing phase Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ions is negatively charged?

Chloride ions (Cl-) Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when the membrane potential is markedly reduced during the action potential?

Hyperpolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?

Transmit impulses toward the CNS Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuroglia is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

During what phase of action potential do sodium ions primarily enter the neuron?

Depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Maintain blood–brain barrier and recycle neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows for the transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons?

Saltatory conduction Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do satellite cells use in the peripheral nervous system?

Monitoring and regulating nutrient levels Signup and view all the answers

How are action potentials generated in response to stimuli?

Through a continuous process of depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

Potassium ions exit the cell reducing membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microglia in the nervous system?

Remove debris and pathogens through phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'all or none' law in relation to action potentials?

An action potential either occurs fully or not at all Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the somatic nervous system?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the autonomic nervous system?

It involves preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors bind acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Cholinergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system regarding their effects?

They typically have opposing effects on most vital organs. Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released by adrenergic neurons?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of nicotinic receptors?

They are ionotropic receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is involved in the synthesis of norepinephrine?

Tyrosine to Dopa Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors bind both norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Objectives

Classify the nervous system.
Understand the anatomy and physiology of neurons.
Explain neuroglia physiology.
Comprehend action potential mechanisms.
Understand communication mechanisms between neurons.
Recognize neurotransmitter types, functions, and specific receptors.
Distinguish between the anatomy and physiology of the brain and spinal cord.
Differentiate peripheral nervous system anatomy and physiology.
Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Nervous System Classification

Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Divided into Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems.

Functions of the Nervous System

Sensory Function: Detects internal and external stimuli via sensory receptors.
Integrative Function: Processes sensory information and determines appropriate responses.
Motor Function: Elicits responses by activating effectors (muscles and glands).

Neuron Classification

Structural Classification: Neurons differentiated by structure.
Functional Classification:
- Sensory (afferent) neurons: Transmit impulses to the CNS.
- Motor (efferent) neurons: Transmit impulses away from the CNS.
- Interneurons: Process sensory input; lie entirely within the CNS.

Neuroglia Cells

Types and Functions:
- Ependymal Cells: Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Astrocytes: Maintain blood-brain barrier, support structure, regulate nutrient concentrations.
- Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate CNS axons.
- Microglia: Remove debris and pathogens via phagocytosis.
- Satellite Cells: Regulate external environment around neurons in PNS.
- Schwann Cells: Myelinate peripheral axons and assist in repair processes.

Action Potential

Irritability: Neurons respond to stimuli by generating an electrical impulse.
Action Potential Process:
- Events: Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization.
- All-or-nothing principle: Action potentials either occur fully or not at all.
- Saltatory conduction occurs along myelinated axons, speeding up transmission.

Types of Ion Channels

Leak Channels: Randomly open and close; present in all neuron types.
Ligand-gated Channels: Open upon ligand binding; found in sensory neurons.
Mechanically-gated Channels: Open in response to mechanical stimuli.
Voltage-gated Channels: Open based on membrane potential changes.

Resting Potential

The membrane potential at rest is typically around -70 mV, primarily influenced by ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+).

Neurotransmission

Serotonin: Released neurotransmitter, involved in mood regulation, with reuptake mechanisms and degradation by MAO and COMT.
Dopamine: Involved in emotional responses and muscle regulation, synthesized from tyrosine and degraded by COMT and MAO.

Receptors in the Nervous System

Ionotropic Receptors: Fast signaling through direct ion channels (e.g., Nicotinic receptors).
Metabotropic Receptors: Indirect signaling through G-proteins (e.g., Adrenergic receptors).

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Divisions

Afferent Division: Carries sensory information to the CNS.
Efferent Division: Carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors.
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Efferent Division Details

Somatic Nervous System: No ganglia; uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
Autonomic Nervous System: Involves preganglionic and postganglionic pathways with different neurotransmitters for sympathetic (norepinephrine) and parasympathetic (acetylcholine) systems.

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Systems

Both divisions impact major organs, often with opposing effects, particularly evident in the digestive tract, heart, and lungs.
Cholinergic Neurons: Parasympathetic neurons releasing acetylcholine; bind to cholinergic receptors (Nicotinic and Muscarinic).
Adrenergic Neurons: Sympathetic neurons releasing norepinephrine; bind to adrenergic receptors (Alpha and Beta subtypes).

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in neuroscience, focusing on the classification of the nervous system, the anatomy and physiology of neurons, and the mechanisms of action potentials and neurotransmission. It aims to enhance understanding of neuroglial functions and specific receptors in the nervous system.