38 Questions
What are the triggering factor for relapse according to the text?
All of the above
In the reinstatement model by De Wit & Stewart, what triggers an increase in responses in rats?
Priming with a drug and exposure to known triggers
What is a challenge in studying conditioned withdrawal according to the text?
Ethical issues in conducting animal studies
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in priming-induced reinstatement?
A & B
What type of cues are discrete cues in the context of reinstatement models?
Cues that are present at the same time as the drug is delivered
What is Naltrexone?
Opiate-R antagnoist
What is the role of DAd1 antagonist infused directly in the NAc core?
It has no effect on cue-induced reinstatement
What is the effect of blocking Glu transmission in the NAc core?
It blocks cue-induced reinstatement
What is the role of Norepinephrine (NE) in stress-induced reinstatement?
NE is a critical factor in stress-induced response
What happens if CRF transmission into BNST is blocked?
Reinstatement is blocked
What is the effect of injecting CRF into BNST?
Reinstatement is induced
What is the role of DA antagonists in the NAc shell?
Mild effect on reinstatement if D1 or D2 is blocked
What is the effect of CRF antagonist injection in the VTA?
Blocks reinstatement
What happens when Glu transmission is blocked?
Blocks reinstatement and increase in DA
How does acute food deprivation affect stress-induced reinstatement?
Leptin injection blocks reinstatement
What happens when CRF transmission into BNST is blocked?
Reinstatement is blocked
What is the role of dopamine (DA) antagonists in the NAc shell?
Increase heroin seeking
What is the effect of injecting CRF into the VTA?
Induce reinstatement
What is the effect of blocking Glutamate (Glu) transmission in the NAc core?
Block reinstatement and increase in dopamine (DA)
What is the role of Norepinephrine (NE) in stress-induced reinstatement?
Causes release of CRF
What is the effect of injecting kynurenic acid (non-specific DA-R antagonist)?
Blocks reinstatement
What is the effect of CRF antagonist injection in the VTA?
Blocks reinstatement
What brain area is critical for relapse according to the text?
Amygdala
What is the role of Glutamate (Glu) in drug-seeking behavior?
Increase in Glu leads to an increase in DA
What happens when CRF is blocked?
Block increase in Glu & DA
Is the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) the main target for Dopamine (DA) neurons in the brain?
False
Does CRF release as a hormone rather than a neurotransmitter in the brain?
False
Is CRF antagonist injection sufficient to block the increase in Glutamate (Glu) and Dopamine (DA) in cocaine-trained rats?
True
Is leptin release from fat cells to the brain stronger in animals that are food deprived compared to those that are satiated?
False
Is the release of CRF critical for the reinstatement of cocaine but not for heroin-seeking behavior?
False
Match the brain region with its role in reinstatement models:
Bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) = Main target for CRF neurons Nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell = Increases heroin seeking Ventral tegmental area (VTA) = Shows CRF release after footshock Amygdala = Inhibited by CRF antagonist injection into BNST
Match the neurotransmitter with its role in drug-seeking behavior:
Dopamine (DA) = Blocked by D1 & D2 antagonists to block reinstatement Glutamate (Glu) = Injection of kynurenic acid blocks reinstatement Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) = Critical for reinstatement of cocaine Norepinephrine (NE) = Causes release of CRF in stress-induced reinstatement
Match the experimental manipulation with its effect on reinstatement:
CRF antagonist injection into VTA = Blocks reinstatement and increase in Glu & DA Leptin injection = Blocks reinstatement in food-deprived animals D-Phe CRF injection into BNST = Induces reinstatement TTX into amygdala = Inhibits amygdala and causes no input for reinstatement
Acute food deprivation can be used to stress-induced reinstatement - Satiated = ______ release from fat cells to brain to stop eating - Obesity leads to desensitization to ______ (signal is not as strong/null) - If animals injected with ______, it will reduce their feeding - animals trained to SA heroin, extinction, then some are food deprived or satiated - Injection of ______ = block reinstatement in both groups - Same doses of ______ has no e ect on footshock- or priming-induced reinstatement - Drugs “hijack” the natural rewards pathway - CRF probably comes from amygdala (not sure yet) - Common pathway to all triggers of relapse (VTA, mPFC, NAc).
leptin
Micro dialysis can be used to add ______ antagonist and diffuse in the synapse - Implanted the probe into VTA - animals trained to SA cocaine or saline, go through extinction - Animals then exposed to footshocks, and reinstatement phase - those that got footshock show a ______ release in the VTA (both cocaine and saline) - Stress response - Not-cocaine/saline then received TTX = no ______ release - ______ release is dependent on APs: no AP = no ______ release - Shows that ______ is released locally, not release as hormone, but as NT - increase in Glu release after footshock ONLY in cocaine-trained rat - Also increase in DA ONLY in cocaine-trained rat - Despite abstinence, brain is different in cocaine-trained rats - ______-R antagonist is injected, blocks reinstatement - ______ is critical for the reinstatement of cocaine - ______-R antagonist is injected, blocks increase in Glu & DA ff ff ff ff ff ff - Footshock = increase in ______ - If ______ blocked = block increase in Glu & DA = block reinstatement role of Glu - injected kynorinic acid (non-speci c DA-R antagonist) - Animals that were infused with it = blocks reinstatement - No e ect on increase in Glu (affects Rs, not release) - If Glu-R are blocked, block increase in DA - footshock (stress) = increase in ______ = increase in Glu = increase in DA - If blocked Glu transmission = block restatement + block increase in DA - Increase in ______ is not shown in naive animals - Higher sensitivity to ______ may be only in cocaine - Also last very long - ______-R- antagonist = block increase in Glu - infusion of ______ into the VTA = reinstatement (similar to footshock) - If ______ is blocked = block reinstatement - ______ itself is enough to cause reinstatement - If ______ is infused + block Glu R = block reinstatement Shalev et al, 2001
CRF
Train animal to SA drug + footshock + D-Phe CRF and/or TTX - If you only block one side: reinstatement still happens because the other side still works - If block both sides, you attenuate reinstatement (not blocked entirely) - Pathway is important but not the only one for reinstatement Role of DA (Shalam & Stewart) - if animals are injected with opioid-R antagonist, no blocking of reinstatement If d1 blocked = mild effect If d2 blocked = mild effect If blocked d1 & d2 = block reinstatement - DA antagonist injected into the NAc shell - Increases heroin seeking - D1 R antagonist: effect blocked role of CRF Wang et al - micro dialysis can be used to add CRF antagonist and diffuse in the synapse - Implanted the probe into VTA - animals trained to SA cocaine or saline, go through extinction - Animals then exposed to footshocks, and reinstatement phase - those that got footshock show a CRF release in the VTA (both cocaine and saline) - Stress response - Not-cocaine/saline then received TTX = no CRF release - CRF release is dependent on APs: no AP = no CRF release - Shows that CRF is released locally, not release as hormone, but as NT - increase in Glu release after footshock ONLY in cocaine-trained rat - Also increase in DA ONLY in cocaine-trained rat - Despite abstinence, brain is different in cocaine-trained rats - CRF-R antagonist is injected, blocks reinstatement - CRF is critical for the reinstatement of cocaine - CRF-R antagonist is injected, blocks increase in Glu & DA ff ff ff ff ff ff - Footshock = increase in CRF - If CRF blocked = block increase in Glu & DA = block reinstatement role of Glu - injected kynorinic acid (non-specific DA-R antagonist) - Animals that were infused with it = blocks reinstatement - No effect on increase in Glu (affects Rs, not release) - If Glu-R are blocked, block increase in DA - footshock (stress) = increase in CRF = increase in Glu = increase in DA - If blocked Glu transmission = block restatement + block increase in DA - Increase in CRF is not shown in naive animals - Higher sensitivity to CRF may be only in cocaine - Also last very long - CRF-R- antagonist = block increase in Glu - infusion of CRF into the VTA = reinstatement (similar to footshock) - If CRF is blocked = block reinstatement - CRF itself is enough to cause reinstatement - If CRF is infused + block Glu R = block reinstatement Shalev et al, 2001
dopamine
Role of Connection between BNST & Amygdala - CRF antagonist into BNST (one hemisphere) + TTX into amygdala (on other hemisphere) - One side: inhibited amygdala (TTX) - Other side: inhibited BNST (D-PHE CRF) - If its the ______: there will be no input - If its not, you’ll still get effect/reinstatement - Without cross over, has to be parallel
pathway
Role of BNST (Erb & Stewart) - main target for ______ neurons: bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) - If block ______ transmission into BNST = block reinstatement - If inject ______ into BNST = induce reinstatement
CRF
Study Notes
Relapse and Reinstatement
- Most addicts will relapse, and it is a big problem of treatment.
- Replacement therapies, antagonist, and reverse agonist are used to treat addiction.
- AA/NA (Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous) have a dramatic drop in abstinence and stabilize at about 25% success rate.
Triggering Factors
- Re-exposure to the drug or other drugs can trigger relapse.
- Priming effect: brief exposure to a drug can prime the behavior.
- Re-exposure to stimuli associated with drugs can trigger relapse.
- Cues over time become powerful in guiding behavior (saliency).
- Immediate/discrete cues: e.g. needle, powder, smell, people, etc.
- Stress can trigger relapse, leading to an increase in craving.
The Reinstatement Model (De Wit & Stewart)
- IV drug self-administration (SA) is used to train rats to press a lever (operant conditioning).
- An auditory cue is paired with the drug.
- To study relapse, rats are made abstinent and then exposed to known triggers.
- Priming reinstatement test: injecting a single dose of the drug and putting the rat back in the chamber.
- Stress: light foot shock shows an increase in responses.
- Withdrawal: not a good trigger for reinstatement, but inducing spontaneous withdrawal can trigger responses.
Mechanisms of Reinstatement
- Different pathways are involved in different triggers.
- Overlap between different triggers exists.
Priming
- DA, Glu, VTA, NAc, and mPFC are involved in heroin reinstatement.
- Amygdala and ventral pallidum are also involved.
- Systemic injections of DA, opioid antagonists, and heroin priming show the role of DA in reinstatement.
Role of DA in Priming
- Test 1: animals trained to SA heroin, went through extinction, and received an injection of heroin/saline/naltrexone (priming) before the test.
- Test 2: animals trained to SA heroin, went through extinction, and received an injection of heroin/saline/raclopride (priming) before the test.
- Test 3: animals trained to SA heroin, went through extinction, and received an injection of heroin/saline/upenthixol (priming) before the test.
Role of Glu in PFC (McFarland)
- Animals trained to SA cocaine, went through extinction, and received an injection of cocaine/saline/ufenanize (priming) before the test.
- DA in PFC arises from VTA.
Theories of Reinstatement
- Theory 1: GABA - Baclofen/muscimol (GABA-B, GABA-A agonist) inhibits neurons.
- Theory 2: DA - DA in NAc core: no change in reinstatement.
- Theory 3: Glu - Not DA, but Glu is critical for reinstatement.
- Theory 4: opioid-R - if block opioid-R, block reinstatement.
Cues vs Context & DA (Bossert et al 2017)
- Transmission through DAd1 is highly related to cue-induced reinstatement.
- Discrete cues: cues that are present at the same time as the drug is delivered.
- Contextual cues: context where the drug is administered.
- If d1R are blocked, you can block reinstatement.
- Where in the brain is this effect happening?Here are the study notes for the text:
DAd1 Antagonist and Cue-Induced Reinstatement
- Infusing DAd1 antagonist directly into the NAc core blocks cue-induced reinstatement
- Infusing DAd1 antagonist into the NAc shell has no effect on reinstatement
- The NAc core and shell have different functions in cue-induced reinstatement
Role of Basolateral Amygdala and NAc
- Transiently shutting down the BLA using TTX blocks cue-induced reinstatement
- Transiently shutting down the NAc using TTX blocks priming-induced reinstatement
- The BLA is critical for cue-induced reinstatement, but not for priming-induced reinstatement
- The NAc is not critical for cue-induced reinstatement, but is critical for priming-induced reinstatement
Role of Glutamate (Glu)
- Blocking Glu transmission in the NAc core blocks cue-induced reinstatement
- Blocking the pathway from mPFC to NAc core using photo-inhibition also blocks cue-induced reinstatement
- Inhibiting Glu release in the NAc blocks cue-induced reinstatement
Stress and Reinstatement
- Removing the adrenal glands removes the stress response, but does not prevent stress-induced reinstatement
- CRF is critical for stress-induced reinstatement
- Inhibiting NE release blocks stress-induced reinstatement
Triggering Factors for Relapse
- Re-exposure to the drug or other drugs can trigger relapse
- Priming, re-exposure to stimuli associated with drugs, and stress can trigger relapse
- Cues over time become powerful in guiding behaviour
- Immediate/discrete cues, such as needle, powder, smell, and people, can trigger relapse
The Reinstatement Model
- Train the rat to self-administer a drug using operant conditioning
- Pair the drug with an auditory cue
- Make the rat abstinent and then expose it to known triggers (cues, stress, etc.) to study relapse
- The reinstatement model can be used to study the neural mechanisms of relapse### Reinstatement Models
- The reinstatement model uses CPP (conditioned place preference) to train rats for morphine and then goes through extinction phase.
- After extinction, rats are primed with an injection of morphine/saline and dropped into the apparatus, showing reinstatement of the memories and preference for the morphine side.
- Stress can also trigger reinstatement, such as putting rats in cold water to swim, which leads to reinstatement of the preferred side.
Priming
- Priming triggers an increase in drug-seeking behavior and craving following exposure to the drug.
- Priming involves the activation of dopamine (DA), glutamate (Glu), ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
- Heroin priming involves the activation of the amygdala and ventral pallidum.
Mechanisms of Reinstatement
- Differences in pathways trigger reinstatement, with overlap between different triggers.
- Priming, cue-induced, and stress-induced reinstatement have distinct mechanisms.
Role of DA in Reinstatement
- DA is involved in priming-induced reinstatement, with DA receptors (DAd1 and DAd2) playing a crucial role.
- Blockade of DA receptors (DAd1 and DAd2) blocks reinstatement.
- DA transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important for priming-induced reinstatement.
Role of Glu in Reinstatement
- Glu is involved in cue-induced reinstatement, with blockade of Glu transmission in the NAc core blocking reinstatement.
- Glu input from the VTA to the NAc through the PFC is critical for reinstatement.
Role of Cues in Reinstatement
- Cues can trigger reinstatement, with discrete cues (e.g., light and sound) being more effective than contextual cues.
- DA transmission in the NAc core is involved in cue-induced reinstatement, with blockade of DAd1 receptors in the NAc core blocking reinstatement.
Role of Basolateral Amygdala and NAc in Reinstatement
- The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a critical role in cue-induced reinstatement, with blockade of DA receptors in the BLA blocking reinstatement.
- The NAc is involved in priming-induced reinstatement, with blockade of DA receptors in the NAc shell blocking reinstatement.
Role of Stress in Reinstatement
- Stress can trigger reinstatement, with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- Removing the adrenal glands does not prevent stress-induced reinstatement, suggesting that the HPA axis is not necessary for reinstatement.
- CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor) is a critical neurotransmitter for stress-induced reinstatement, with blockade of CRF receptors blocking reinstatement.
- Norepinephrine (NE) is also involved in stress-induced reinstatement, with blockade of NE release blocking reinstatement.
Test your knowledge of neuroscience and behavioral psychology with this quiz on the effects of DAd1 antagonists on cue-induced reinstatement of behavior in animal studies. Explore the impact of infusions in the NAc core and shell, and deepen your understanding of context-induced reinstatement.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
