Neurotransmitters and Brain Structures Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes?

Genetic predispositions

Cognitive processing (correct)

Brain structure

Neurotransmitter activity

What does the hindsight bias typically lead people to do?

Increase their skepticism about outcomes

Completely disregard previous information

Exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome (correct)

Underestimate their ability to predict outcomes

How is consciousness most commonly defined by psychologists?

Our collective thoughts and behaviors

Our unconscious instincts and drives

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment (correct)

Our biological processes that influence behavior

What function does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily serve?

Stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

What does REM sleep primarily associate with?

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a drug that enhances a neurotransmitter's action?

Agonist Signup and view all the answers

Loss of visual perception in a patient likely follows damage to which brain area?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What does circadian rhythm refer to?

Biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle Signup and view all the answers

What does a teratogen do to an unborn child?

Can cross the placental barrier and harm the child. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the growing fear infants display towards unfamiliar people?

Stranger anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage does cell division and differentiation first occur?

Zygotic stage. Signup and view all the answers

What principle are children unable to grasp if they do not understand the concept of conservation?

The recognition that quantity remains constant despite shape changes. Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do physical abilities peak?

Early adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

What period is characterized by individuals not fully achieving independence in Western cultures?

Emerging adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where infants seek closeness to their caregivers?

Attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What does heredity refer to in the context of genetics?

Genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the occipital lobe in the brain?

Visual processing Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, which stage comes after the Sensorimotor stage?

Preoperational Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves studying a single individual or group in great depth?

Case study Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of collectivistic cultures?

Importance of unity and harmony Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arithmetic average of a set of scores?

Mean Signup and view all the answers

What defines a control group in an experimental study?

Does not receive the experimental treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attitudes is NOT considered a key attitude of scientific inquiry?

Indifference Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

Dopamine: Key roles in reward, motivation, and pleasure.
Serotonin: Regulates mood, sleep patterns, and digestion.
Cortisol: Manages stress, metabolism, and immune system function.
Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Triggers the fight or flight response during stressful situations.
GABA: Functions as an inhibitor, dampening nerve activity.
Norepinephrine: Increases alertness and arousal.
Acetylcholine: Involved in muscle movement, actions, and memory formation.
Glutamate: Vital for memory processes.
Endorphins: Serve as natural pain relievers and contribute to feelings of pleasure.

Brain Structures and Their Functions

Frontal Lobe: Responsible for decision-making, problem-solving, and motor function.
Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information from the body.
Occipital Lobe: Handles visual processing tasks.
Temporal Lobe: Involved in auditory processing and memory formation.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor: Infants learn through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
Preoperational: Development of language and imagination, yet lacking logical reasoning.
Concrete Operational: Logical thinking applies to physical objects; understanding of conservation.
Formal Operational: Abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning capabilities emerge.

Experimental Study Components

Theory: A proposed explanation for phenomena.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction derived from a theory.
Operational Definition: Specific definitions of the variables involved.
Replication: Repeating studies to verify results and findings.

Cultural Dimensions

Individualistic Cultures: Value personal independence and self-reliance.
Collectivistic Cultures: Prioritize group unity, harmony, and interdependence.

Sleep Stages and Characteristics

N1: Light sleep stage.
N2: Slowing of bodily functions like heart rate and body temperature.
N3: Deep sleep stage, crucial for recovery.
REM: Dream stage with high brain activity.

Key Research and Psychological Concepts

Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in a natural environment without intervention.
Positive Psychology: Focuses on human flourishing and well-being.
Mode: The most frequently occurring score in a data set.
Control Group: Group that does not receive the experimental treatment for comparison.
Mean: Calculated as the arithmetic average of scores.
Hindsight Bias: Tendency to overemphasize one's ability to predict outcomes after they occur.

Psychological Terms and Concepts

Consciousness: Awareness of oneself and one's environment.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Activates digestion and slows heartbeat during rest.
REM Sleep: Characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming.
Agonist: A substance that enhances a neurotransmitter's activity.
Occipital Lobe Damage: Leads to visual perception issues.
EEG: Records electrical activity of the brain.
Withdrawal Symptoms: Discomfort experienced after stopping an addictive substance.

Developmental Psychology

Circadian Rhythm: Biological functioning pattern on a 24-hour cycle.
Stranger Anxiety: Fear displayed by infants towards unfamiliar people after 8 months.
Zygotic Stage: Initial stage of prenatal development involving cell division.
Conservation Principle: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite shape changes.
Emerging Adulthood: Transitional stage from age 18 to mid-twenties where independence is not fully achieved.
Attachment: Infants’ strong need to be close to caregivers.
Heredity: Genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
Pruning Process: Loss of unused neural connections during childhood development.
Synapse Connections: Increased in enriched environments versus impoverished ones.

Biological Influences

Human Sperm Chromosomes: Contains 23 chromosomes, crucial for genetic information.

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Description

Test your knowledge on neurotransmitters and the brain's structure. This quiz covers the functions of various neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and GABA, as well as key brain structures including the frontal and temporal lobes. Challenge yourself to understand how these elements influence behavior and cognition.