Neuropsychopharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a specialized area of pharmacology that focuses on drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior?

  • Placebo-pharmacology
  • Neuropharmacology
  • Neuropsychopharmacology
  • Psychopharmacology (correct)

    • Neuropsychopharmacology involves the study of drugs that act on the nervous system and influence behavior.

    True (A)

    A placebo is a ______ compound that can have both therapeutic and side effects.

    pharmacologically inert

    Explain the two primary mechanisms attributed to the placebo effect.

    <p>The placebo effect is thought to be due to classical conditioning and conscious effect-anticipating outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a drug's non-specific effects?

    <p>Physical interactions at the target site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of drug effects?

    <p>Drug effects are broadly categorized as specific and non-specific effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Side effects are always undesirable and can vary in their severity.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Neuropharmacology = The study of drug effects on the nervous system and behavior Placebo = An inert substance that produces therapeutic effects due to psychological factors Side effects = Undesirable effects of drug use Nocebo = Negative effects attributed to the expectation of harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ effect refers to the improvement in symptoms associated with characteristics like the taste, color, shape, or size of the medication.

    <p>placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the placebo effect and classical conditioning?

    <p>Classical conditioning can contribute to the placebo effect by associating a neutral stimulus (the placebo) with a therapeutic outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of alternating between a placebo and medication?

    <p>Reduce side effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nocebo effect refers to positive improvements in health resulting from negative expectations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of how individual characteristics can influence the non-specific effects of medication.

    <p>A person's experience with pain management, their current mood, or their overall attitude towards medications can all influence their response to a drug, even if the drug's specific action is the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of pharmacology is to study the effects of drugs on the nervous system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a drug binds to its molecular target site, it triggers ______ changes.

    <p>molecular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT typically considered one of the main steps of drug disposition?

    <p>Receptor Binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug absorption primarily refers to the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the ______.

    <p>bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is highly permeable to most drugs, allowing easy access to the brain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main pathways for drug elimination from the body?

    <p>Urine and feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug disposition processes with their primary functions:

    <p>Absorption = Movement of drug from administration site to bloodstream Distribution = Drug movement throughout the body Inactivation = Breakdown of drugs into inactive metabolites Excretion = Elimination of drugs from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug distribution refers to the:

    <p>Movement of drugs from the bloodstream to various tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream at the same rate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs can bind to plasma proteins, creating a ______ drug that is less readily available to reach target sites.

    <p>bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is a common site for drug storage in the body?

    <p>Fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efficiency of drug absorption is primarily determined by the drug's chemical properties and the route of administration.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

    <p>To protect the brain from harmful substances and maintain the delicate balance of the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of a drug refers to the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind to target sites.

    <p>bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug administration methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Oral = Drug is swallowed and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract Parenteral = Drug is administered via a route other than the gastrointestinal tract Intravenous = Drug is directly injected into a vein Intramuscular = Drug is injected into a muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a network of blood vessels that permeate the brain.

    <p>blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood plasma is supplied by the dense network of blood vessels that permeate the brain.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blood plasma supply to the brain cells?

    <p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inactive sites where drugs bind in the blood?

    <p>Drug depots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs bound at depots can readily reach active sites.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The drug unbinds from depots and circulates in plasma when the ______ drops.

    <p>drug level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where drugs enter the general circulation orally and pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation?

    <p>First-pass effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first-pass effect only occurs with orally administered drugs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of removing a drug from the body?

    <p>Drug clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug clearance is usually expressed as a ______ of free drug in the blood.

    <p>constant fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual differences in drug clearance can be influenced by factors such as sex and body size.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of elimination occurs with first-order kinetics?

    <p>Exponential elimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the time it takes for the drug concentration to reduce by half in the body?

    <p>Drug half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>First-pass effect = The process of drug elimination from the body Zero-order kinetics = A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit of time Drug half-life = The time it takes for the drug concentration to reduce by half in the body Drug clearance = The process where drugs enter the general circulation orally and pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which drugs are cleared from the body at a constant rate, regardless of their concentration?

    <p>Zero-order kinetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that are highly lipid soluble are more likely to pass through cell membranes via passive diffusion.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary enzyme family responsible for metabolizing most psychoactive drugs?

    <p>Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ refers to the increase in the activity of liver enzymes, leading to faster metabolism of drugs.

    <p>enzyme induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug properties with their influence on absorption:

    <p>Lipid solubility = High lipid solubility increases absorption Ionization = Drugs are more readily absorbed in their unionized form Concentration gradient = Drugs move from high to low concentration areas Surface area = Larger the surface area, faster the absorption Blood flow = Increased blood flow enhances absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences the ionization state of a drug?

    <p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that are highly ionized are more readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The binding of a drug to its ______ triggers a series of intracellular changes, leading to its pharmacological effect.

    <p>receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for any molecule that binds to a receptor?

    <p>Ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the mechanism by which drugs are eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excretion (B), Metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug metabolism can occur through nonsynthetic reactions like oxidation and reduction, or synthetic reactions that combine the drug with other molecules.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of drug effects?

    <p>Specific and nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ effect refers to the improvement in symptoms associated with factors like the taste, color, shape, or size of a medication.

    <p>placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nocebo effect occurs when negative expectations about a treatment lead to positive health outcomes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Na-K pump in relation to nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>It transports sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to maintain the resting potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes are responsible for decoding the mRNA sequence and linking amino acids together to form a protein chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ____ involves the movement of proteins along the cytoskeleton of a neuron.

    <p>axoplasmic transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of glial cells with their primary functions:

    <p>Oligodendrocytes = Produce myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Schwann cells = Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. Astrocytes = Provide structural support, regulate nutrient supply, and maintain the blood-brain barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of saltatory conduction?

    <p>It speeds up nerve impulse transmission by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary movements.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport?

    <p>Anterograde transport moves materials from the soma to the axon terminal, while retrograde transport moves materials from the axon terminal back to the soma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerves that carry both sensory and motor signals are called ____ nerves.

    <p>mixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of genes in a cell?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication occurs during the process of translation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities by regulating gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ____ involves the conversion of DNA into mRNA.

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their related functions:

    <p>Afferent signals = Carry sensory information toward the spinal cord. Efferent signals = Carry motor commands away from the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of glial cell?

    <p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary anatomical feature of a neuron?

    <p>Myelin Sheath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by the active transport of potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Dendrites receive information from other neurons across synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a specialized area within the neuron that integrates incoming signals and generates an action potential.

    <p>axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An action potential is a rapid change in membrane potential that travels down the axon.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump is TRUE?

    <p>It requires energy to function. (B), It maintains the resting potential of a neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the soma in a neuron?

    <p>The soma is responsible for the metabolic care of the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a type of glial cell that wraps around axons and forms the myelin sheath.

    <p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synapses are the gaps between neurons where chemical transmission of information takes place.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the speed of action potential conduction?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saltatory conduction?

    <p>Saltatory conduction is the rapid transmission of action potentials along myelinated axons, where the signal jumps between gaps in the myelin sheath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ potential is the equilibrium potential for potassium, determined by the balance of electrochemical forces across the membrane.

    <p>equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate across synapses.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about action potentials is TRUE?

    <p>Action potentials are all-or-none events meaning they either occur fully or not at all. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pharmacology

    The scientific study of drug actions and their effects.

    Neuropharmacology

    Study of drug-induced changes in nervous system function.

    Psychopharmacology

    Study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior.

    Neuropsychopharmacology

    Study of drugs that act on the nervous system to alter behavior.

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    Placebo

    An inert compound that has therapeutic effects because of expectation.

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    Placebo Effect

    Improvement of symptoms due to a patient's expectations, not the drug itself.

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    Drug Action

    The effect of a drug when it binds to a target site in the body.

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    Specific Drug Effects

    Effects caused by direct interactions of drugs at target sites.

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    Therapeutic Effects

    Desired changes from drug treatment, such as pain relief.

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    Nocebo

    Opposite of placebo; negative impact from expectational changes.

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    Side Effects

    Undesired effects that occur alongside therapeutic effects of drugs.

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    Non-Specific Effects

    Effects based on individual characteristics like mood and experience.

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    Drug Effects

    Physiological and psychological functions induced by medication.

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    Anticipation of Outcomes

    Expecting a certain effect from a drug leading to psychological relief.

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    Pain Relief Neuropeptides

    Natural compounds in the body that alleviate pain.

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    Drug Distribution

    The process of a drug moving from the bloodstream to tissues and cells.

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    Reversible Binding

    The type of binding that allows drugs to detach from their targets.

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    Active Target Sites (Receptors)

    Specific locations where drugs bind to exert their effects.

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    Biotransformation

    The process of metabolic inactivation of drugs, mainly in the liver.

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    Excretion

    The elimination of drugs from the body, primarily through urine or feces.

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    Bioavailability

    The proportion of a drug that enters circulation and is available to have an effect.

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    Methods of Administration

    Different ways to deliver a drug into the body, affecting speed and absorption.

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    Blood-Brain Barrier (B-B-B)

    A selective barrier that protects the brain from certain substances.

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    Parenteral Administration

    Drug delivery methods that do not involve the gastrointestinal tract, like injections.

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    Oral Administration

    Taking drugs through the mouth for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

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    Blood Level of Drug

    The concentration of a drug in the blood available for action.

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    Onset of Action

    The time it takes for a drug to produce its effects after administration.

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    Intravenous Injection

    Delivering a drug directly into the bloodstream via a vein.

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    Tissue Binding

    When drugs attach to sites in body tissues, affecting their action.

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    Fluid Levels in Body

    The balance of body fluids affecting drug distribution and effectiveness.

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    Inhalation

    A method of drug administration via the respiratory system.

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    Subcutaneous

    Referring to drug administration under the skin layer.

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    Blood Plasma

    The liquid part of blood that carries cells and nutrients.

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    Drug Binding

    The attachment of drug molecules to proteins in blood.

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    Drug Depots

    Inactive sites where drugs bind but do not act.

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    First-Pass Effect

    Drug metabolism in the liver after oral administration.

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    Drug Clearance

    The rate at which a drug is removed from the bloodstream.

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    First-Order Kinetics

    Drug elimination where a constant fraction is removed over time.

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    Drug Half-Life

    Time taken for half of a drug to be eliminated from the body.

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    Zero-Order Kinetics

    Drug elimination where a constant quantity is removed per time unit.

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    Active Sites

    Locations on proteins where drugs can exert their effects.

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    CO2 Waste

    Byproduct from cellular metabolism, expelled by the body.

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    Amino Acids

    Building blocks of proteins supplied by the bloodstream.

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    Glucose

    A simple sugar that provides energy to cells.

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    Drug Concentration

    Amount of drug present in the blood at a given time.

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    Neuron

    A nerve cell responsible for receiving and transmitting signals.

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    Sensory Neurons

    Type of neuron that receives signals from sensory organs.

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    Motor Neurons

    Neurons that control muscle movements and behavioral responses.

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    Dendrites

    Extensions from neurons that receive signals from other cells.

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    Axon

    A long fiber that transmits electrical signals away from the neuron.

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    Synapse

    The gap where communication occurs between neurons.

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    Resting Potential

    The state of a neuron when it is not actively sending signals.

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    Action Potential

    The rapid change in voltage across a neuron's membrane during signaling.

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    Ion Channels

    Proteins that allow ions to pass through the neuron membrane.

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    Myelin

    Fatty substance that insulates axons to speed up signal transmission.

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    Neurotransmitters (NT)

    Chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse.

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    Axon Hillock

    The part of the neuron where action potentials are initiated.

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    Equilibrium Potential

    The state where the net flow of ions across the membrane is equal.

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    Glial Cells

    Support cells that provide metabolic care for neurons.

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    Receptors

    Proteins on dendrites that bind neurotransmitters and receive signals.

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    Regeneration of Nodes

    Regeneration occurs only at specific nodes in the nervous system.

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    Chromosomes

    Structures in the nucleus that contain DNA and genes.

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    Gene

    A segment of DNA that encodes for a specific protein.

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    Saltatory Conduction

    A process where nerve impulses jump between nodes, speeding up transmission.

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    Na-K Pump

    A mechanism that exchanges sodium and potassium ions across the membrane.

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    mRNA

    Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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    Protein Synthesis

    The process where cells create proteins using genetic instructions.

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    Axoplasmic Transport

    The method proteins are moved to their required destination in neurons.

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    Cytoskeleton

    A structure in cells that helps maintain shape and facilitates transport.

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    Motor Proteins

    Proteins that carry cargo along the cytoskeleton during transport.

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    Autonomic Nervous System

    Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions.

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    Somatic Nervous System

    Part of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements.

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    Oligodendroglia

    Glial cells that myelinate multiple axons in the CNS.

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    Schwann Cells

    Glial cells that myelinate single neurons in the PNS.

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    Absorption Surface

    Area where drug molecules are absorbed into the body.

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    Constant Rate Clearance

    Drug molecules are cleared from the body at a constant rate, no matter the concentration.

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    Cytochrome P450

    A common enzyme involved in the metabolism of drugs.

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    Passive Diffusion

    The movement of substances from high to low concentration without energy.

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    Lipophilic Drugs

    Drugs that are soluble in lipids (fats) and easily pass through membranes.

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    Concentration Gradient

    The process where substances move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

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    Phase I Reactions

    Metabolic reactions that involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.

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    Ionization of Drugs

    The process where drugs gain or lose ions, affecting their solubility.

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    Weak Acid vs. Weak Base

    Drugs can either be acids or bases, affecting their ionization.

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    Drug-Receptor Interaction

    The interaction between a drug and its specific receptor on a cell.

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    Agonist

    A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.

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    Antagonist

    A substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking the response.

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    Efficacy of Ligands

    The ability of a ligand to produce a desired response upon binding to a receptor.

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    Study Notes

    Pharmacology

    • Pharmacology is the scientific study of drug actions and effects.
    • Specialized areas include neuropharmacology (drug-induced changes in cell and nervous system function), psychopharmacology (drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior), and neuropsychopharmacology (a combination of neuropharmacology and psychopharmacology).
    • Drug action involves molecular changes when a drug binds to its target site.
    • Drug effects encompass physiological and psychological functions, desired changes (e.g., pain relief), and undesired effects (side effects).
    • Placebos are pharmacologically inert compounds that can have both therapeutic and side effects.
    • Placebo effects are a common example of non-specific effects, including classical conditioning and subject expectations.
    • Nocebo effects are the opposite of placebo effects, characterized by negative expectations leading to negative impacts or changes, possibly inducing anxiety and stress.

    Factors Determining Drug Action

    • Factors for determining drug action include the route and method of administration, absorption, distribution, binding to target sites, inactivation (biotransformation), and excretion.
    • The body's ability to reach target sites and the duration/intensity of effects are influenced by drug administration, distribution, and inactivation.
    • Bioavailability is the amount of a drug in the bloodstream available to reach target sites.
    • Drug clearance, usually exhibited in first-order kinetics, involves the removal of free drugs from the bloodstream.
    • Zero-order kinetics involves the constant elimination rate regardless of drug concentration.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Pharmacokinetics are factors that involve the movement of drugs within the body:
    • Route of adminstration influences absorption, the rate and extent to which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream.
    • Solubility and ionization influence passage through cell membranes.
    • Drug access to the brain is influenced by the blood-brain barrier, which is selectively permeable.
      • Depot binding involves drug binding to inactive sites in the body, influencing drug onset, effects, and potential side effects.
    • Drug clearance and elimination are influenced by drug interactions, enzyme induction, and enzyme inhibition affecting metabolism rates.

    Drug-Receptor Interactions

    • Receptors are large protein molecules located on cell surfaces or within cells.
    • Ligands, any molecule that binds to a receptor, influence receptor interaction.
    • Ligand efficacy is the ability of a ligand to change receptor shape and elicit a response.
    • Ligand affinity is the ability of a ligand to fit a receptor binding site.
    • Agonists have a better fit than antagonists.
    • Biotransformation involves phase I (nonsynthetic modifications) and phase II (synthetic reactions) processes.

    Drug Administration Routes

    • Drug adminstration routes can be classified as enteral (using the GI tract) or parenteral (using other routes like injection or inhalation).
    • Enteral administration routes are typically slower and have a variable drug level in the blood.
    • Parenteral administration routes result in faster and more predictable blood levels.

    Nervous System Structure and Function

    • Nervous system cells are primarily neurons and glial cells.
    • Neurons transmit information via electrical signals, with several anatomical features affecting signal transmission.
    • Dendrites and soma receive information, the axon hillock initiates action potentials, axons transmit signals, and terminal buttons release neurotransmitters.
    • Glial cells support neurons by providing metabolic and protective functions for neurons.

    Nervous System Organization

    • The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, which are involved in processing sensory information, directing motor function, and integrating various functions.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves that extend beyond the CNS to transmit signals to and from the CNS.

    Chemical Signaling

    • Chemical signaling involves neurotransmitters (NTs) and hormones.
    • Neurotransmitters transmit signals across synapses, mediating communication between neurons and other cell types.
    • Criteria for neurotransmitters include presence in presynaptic cells, mechanisms for synthesis and inactivation, release at axon terminals, and effects on postsynaptic cells.
    • Neurotransmitters are classified into various categories, including amino acids, monoamines, and neuropeptides.
    • Receptor subtypes vary in structure, mediating diverse effects.
    • Exocytosis is the process involving NT release from presynaptic axon terminals.

    Neurotransmitter Inactivation

    • Neurotransmitter inactivation occurs by reuptake or enzymatic breakdown in the synaptic cleft.

    Methods of Research

    • Research techniques in psychopharmacology can be used to observe changes within living organisms (in vivo) or outside living organisms (in vitro).
    • Tests often involve animal models to investigate mechanisms of drugs' functions.
    • Various tests assess memory and learning abilities in animals.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on neuropsychopharmacology, focusing on how drugs affect mood, behavior, and the mechanisms behind the placebo effect. Explore key concepts such as drug effects, side effects, and the interplay between medication and patient perception.

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