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Questions and Answers
Which symptom is associated with the muscarinic effects of organophosphate intoxication?
Which symptom is associated with the muscarinic effects of organophosphate intoxication?
What type of drug is atropine in the context of organophosphate intoxication?
What type of drug is atropine in the context of organophosphate intoxication?
Which symptom is NOT associated with nicotinic effects of organophosphate intoxication?
Which symptom is NOT associated with nicotinic effects of organophosphate intoxication?
What is the primary mechanism of action of PAM in the detoxication of organophosphates?
What is the primary mechanism of action of PAM in the detoxication of organophosphates?
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During an experiment with rabbits, an administration of 0.08% DDV is indicated. What is the purpose of this drug?
During an experiment with rabbits, an administration of 0.08% DDV is indicated. What is the purpose of this drug?
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What effect does atropine have on the cardiovascular system during organophosphate intoxication?
What effect does atropine have on the cardiovascular system during organophosphate intoxication?
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What observation would indicate the success of atropine administration in a rabbit experiencing organophosphate intoxication?
What observation would indicate the success of atropine administration in a rabbit experiencing organophosphate intoxication?
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Which of the following best describes a potential CNS effect of organophosphate intoxication?
Which of the following best describes a potential CNS effect of organophosphate intoxication?
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Study Notes
Organophosphate Intoxication and Detoxification
- Organophosphates induce intoxication by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
- AChE breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)
- Inhibition of AChE leads to accumulation of ACh
- Accumulation of ACh overstimulates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
- This results in a range of symptoms
Experimental Purposes
- Observe symptoms of organophosphate intoxication
- Observe the efficacy of atropine and pralidoxime methiodide (PAM) in detoxification
- Compare the effectiveness of atropine and PAM as treatments
Experimental Principle
- Investigate the mechanism and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
- Determine the mechanisms of action of antidotes
Mechanism of Organophosphate Intoxication
- AChE hydrolyses acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid
- Organophosphates bind irreversibly to the active site of AChE
- This prevents the break down of ACh
- The buildup of ACh overstimulates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
- This results in symptoms
Muscarinic Symptoms
- Blurred vision, miosis resulting from the affect pupil
- Increased lacrimation (tearing) from the effect on glands
- Bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure) from the effect on the cardiovascular system
- Severe respiratory distress resulting from the effect on the respiratory system
- Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fecal incontinence from the effect on the gastrointestinal system
- Urine incontinence from the effect on the genitourinary system
Nicotinic Symptoms
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Decreased muscular tension, muscular twitching
CNS Effects
- Anxiety
- Seizures
- Coma
Antidotes and Their Mechanisms
- Atropine
- Muscarinic antagonist
- Relieves muscarinic symptoms like miosis, hypersalivation, fecal and urinary incontinence
- Inhibits the cardiovascular system
- PAM (pralidoxime methiodide)
- Cholinesterase reactivator
- Reactivates inhibited AChE enzyme by breaking down the organophosphate bond
- Reverses the effects of organophosphate intoxication
Experimental Material
- Animal: Rabbits (2-3 kg)
- Instruments: Rabbit cages, syringes
- Drugs:
- 0.08% dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDV)
- 0.1% atropine
- 2.5% PAM
Experimental Procedure
- Weigh the rabbit and record normal readings (respiration, pupils, salivation, feces, urine, muscle tension, muscle twitching)
- Administer 0.08% DDV (1 ml/kg, intramuscular injection) and observe reactions to the drug
- When obvious symptoms (e.g., seizures) appear, inject atropine (1 mL/kg, intravenous injection) and observe further reactions
- After muscarinic symptoms subside, inject PAM (2 mL/kg, intravenous injection) and monitor changes
Results and Analysis
- Data table to record normal readings, readings after DDV, readings after atropine, and readings after PAM.
Questions
- Analyze the mechanism of organophosphate intoxication.
- Analyze the detoxification mechanisms of atropine and PAM.
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Description
This quiz explores the mechanisms of organophosphate intoxication and the roles of antidotes like atropine and pralidoxime. You'll analyze symptoms, treatment efficacy, and underlying biochemical interactions. Test your knowledge on how organophosphates interact with acetylcholine and the body's receptors.
